Stable and scalable 3D-2D planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor deposition

Lin, Dongxu; Zhang, Tiankai; Wang, Jiming; Long, Mingzhu; Xie, Fangyan; Chen, Jian; Wu, Bujun; Shi, Tingting; Yan, Keyou; Xie, Weiguang; Liu, Pengyi; Xu, Jianbin

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.03.014

Cited by 91 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In the vapor deposition or vapor-assisted method, the 3D/2D bilayered structure is developed by the permeation of organoamine gases for 2D into the 3D film from the surface [ 45 ]. The 3D perovskite film is exposed to the vapors being generated from the heated organoamine liquid or organic salt [ 46 ]. Chen et al formed a 2D perovskite capping layer by exposing the 3D perovskite film, prepared by the conventional solution method, to butylamine vapor in a sealed box containing an open bottle filled with butylamine liquid, leading to a surface conversion from 3D to 2D perovskite [ 45 ].…”

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chen et al formed a 2D perovskite capping layer by exposing the 3D perovskite film, prepared by the conventional solution method, to butylamine vapor in a sealed box containing an open bottle filled with butylamine liquid, leading to a surface conversion from 3D to 2D perovskite [ 45 ]. Meanwhile, Xu et al built an entire 3D/2D perovskite structure by vapor deposition [ 46 ]. The PbI 2 was deposited on a TiO 2 substrate by a thermal vacuum evaporator, which was followed by the vapor deposition of MAI powder in a vacuum oven at 180 °C for 30 min to convert PbI 2 to MAPbI 3 .…”

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prepared 3D bulk film, MAPbI 3 , was sequentially exposed to BAI vapor in the vacuum oven at 120 °C, with the exposure time being varied from 5 to 60 min to form the 2D layer on the top. It was found that the quality and conversion degree of the 2D layer are fully controllable by modulating the vapor-treatment time in solvent-free methods [ 45 , 46 ]. Similarly, 3D and 2D perovskite layers can be independently deposited by using a thermal vacuum evaporator.…”

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D/2D Bilayerd Perovskite Solar Cells with an Enhanced Stability and Performance

Choi

Kim

2020

Materials

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The formation of a thin 2D perovskite layer on the surface of 3D perovskite films has become a popular strategy for obtaining a high-efficiency perovskite solar cell (PSC) with an ensured device stability. In this review paper, various experimental methods used for growth of the 2D layer are introduced with the resulting film properties. Furthermore, a variety of organic cation sources for the 2D layer, ranging from alkyl to phenyl ammonium, are explored to investigate their impact on the device stability and photovoltaic performance.

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Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D/2D Bilayerd Perovskite Solar Cells with an Enhanced Stability and Performance

Choi

Kim

2020

Materials

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“…Therefore, the deposition of 2D perovskite on top of the 3D perovskite has presented significant enhancement both in PCEs and stability of PSCs because the 3D/2D perovskite can take advantage of features of 2D perovskite while it can maintain the excellent optoelectronic properties of 3D perovskites. [ 11–19 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Crystallized Multifunctional 2D Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Kim

Pei

Lee

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Recently, perovskite solar cells (PSC) with high power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability have been achieved by employing 2D perovskite layers on 3D perovskite light absorbers. However, in-depth studies on the material and the interface between the two perovskite layers are still required to understand the role of the 2D perovskite in PSCs. Self-crystallization of 2D perovskite is successfully induced by deposition of benzyl ammonium iodide (BnAI) on top of a 3D perovskite light absorber. The self-crystallized 2D perovskite can perform a multifunctional role in facilitating hole transfer, owing to its random crystalline orientation and passivating traps in the 3D perovskite. The use of the multifunctional 2D perovskite (M2P) leads to improvement in PCE and long-term stability of PSCs both with and without organic hole transporting material (HTM), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-pmethoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) compared to the devices without the M2P.light absorbers have suffered from high defect density at the surfaces and grain boundaries, which can lead to nonradiative recombination and decrease PCEs of PSC. [6,8] Also, the volatile organic cation in the 3D perovskite lattice such as methylammonium (MA + ) and formamidinium (FA + ) degrades the stability of the perovskite itself and lifetime of PSCs. [9,10] In this regard, 2D perovskites have recently received substantial attention as they contain less-volatile bulkier organic cations, which can trigger passivation effect and lead to better water resistance, resulting in higher PCE and extended long-term stability of PSCs. Therefore, the deposition of 2D perovskite on top of the 3D perovskite has presented significant enhancement both in PCEs and stability of PSCs because the 3D/2D perovskite can take advantage of features of 2D perovskite while it can maintain the excellent optoelectronic properties of 3D perovskites. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] In this study, we present the incorporation of self-crystallized multifunctional 2D perovskite (M2P) on top of a 3D perovskite (Cs 0.08 FA 0.77 MA 0.12 PbI 2.62 Br 0.35 ) light absorber. The self-crystallized M2P can facilitate hole transfer due to its randomly oriented crystalline structure and reduce the trap density in underlying 3D perovskite through a trap passivation effect. Therefore, the introduction of the M2P layer between 3D perovskite light absorber and hole transport material (HTM) in a PSC led to improvement in the PCE from 19.75% to 20.79% and long-term stability under simulated continuous sunlight, compared to the device without the M2P layer. Furthermore, we demonstrated the use of M2P as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in a PSC without using the organic HTM, 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), which resulted in PCE of 15.17%, which was greatly higher than PCE of the device without M2P (6.22%). Results and DiscussionWe developed layer-by-layer deposited self-crystallized 2D perovskite grown on top of 3D per...

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“…Most research on CVD planar PSCs are dedicated to experimental fabrication, characterization and measurement, including various manufacturing processes with low temperature [8,9], low pressure [10,11], compositional engineering [12,13] and utilizing modified devices [14,15]. Recently, Lin et al [16] investigated a stable 3D-2D planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell via fully vapor deposition by exposing in a methyl-ammonium iodide (CH 3 NH 3 I, MAI) vapor environment for 30 min under 180 • C. The non-encapsulation device shows a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.50% and can maintain their efficiency under 55% relative humidity (RH) and 80 • C heating stress. Qiu et al [17] developed a fully vapor based scalable CVD process for depositing mixed cation perovskite films, achieving a PCE of approaching 10% on 10 cm × 10 cm substrates, demonstrating the potential of the CVD process for scalability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hysteresis Passivation in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Utilizing Facile Chemical Vapor Deposition Process and PCBM Interlayer

2019

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Low-cost, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have the distinguished potential to be next commercialized photovoltaic devices. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was regarded as an excellent choice as compared to solution deposition technique, however, the photovoltaic and stable performance of the former lags behind that of the latter. In this work, we propose a facile CVD pattern to fabricate PSCs, substrates covered by lead iodide (PbI2) sandwich-surrounded by the source methyl-ammonium iodide (CH3NH3I, MAI) powder. Heat and mass transfer, surface reactions are involved in the CVD deposition procedure. Numerical calculations present a uniform distribution of MAI vapor, contributing to homogeneous perovskite films with comparable surface morphologies, crystal structures and photovoltaic performances, despite of the notorious hysteresis. Herein, a PCBM ([6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) interlayer is introduced before the PbI2 coating and the CVD process. Results show that even suffered from the torturous CVD procedure, the PCBM interlayer still works to passivating the bulk and interfacial recombination, reducing the hysteresis, improving the grain structure of perovskite films. Hence, the photovoltaic performance of PSCs enhances by 30%, and the filling factor difference between the forward and the reverse scan reduces to 6%.

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Stable and scalable 3D-2D planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor deposition

Cited by 91 publications

References 36 publications

3D/2D Bilayerd Perovskite Solar Cells with an Enhanced Stability and Performance

3D/2D Bilayerd Perovskite Solar Cells with an Enhanced Stability and Performance

Self‐Crystallized Multifunctional 2D Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Hysteresis Passivation in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Utilizing Facile Chemical Vapor Deposition Process and PCBM Interlayer

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