Stabilizing the Dynamic p−i−n Junction in Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

Yu, Zhibin; Wang, Meiliang; Lei, Gangtie; Li, Jun; Li, Lu; Pei, Qibing

doi:10.1021/jz200071b

Cited by 86 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, by using more stable ion conductors, a lifetime of 27,000 hours has been recorded, which is close to OLEDs for commercial applications (20). Another disadvantage of LECs is the slow turn-on time, which can be circumvented by fixing the junction and will be discussed in section 3.1.2.…”

Section: Polymer Light-emitting Electrochemical Cellsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Transistors

Jiang¹

2014

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Since the discovery of conductive polymers in 1977, the implementation of organic conjugated materials in electronic applications has been of great interest in both industry and academia. The goal of organic electronics is to realize large-area, inexpensive and mechanicallyflexible electronic applications.Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), as the first commercial product made from organic conjugated polymers, have successfully demonstrated that organic electronics can make possible a new generation of modern electronics. However, OLEDs are highly sensitive to materials selection and requires a complicated fabrication process.As a result, OLEDs are expensive to fabricate and are not suitable for low-cost printing or roll-to-roll process.This thesis studies an alternative to OLEDs: light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The active materials in an LEC consist of a conjugated lightemitting polymer (LEP) and an electrolyte. Taking advantage of electrochemical doping of the LEP, an LEC features an in-situ formed emissive organic p-n junction which is easy to fabricate. We aim to control the electrochemical doping profile by employing a "gate" terminal on top of a conventional LEC, forming a light-emitting electrochemical transistor (LECT). We developed three generations of LECTs, in which the position of the light-emitting profile can be modified by the voltage applied at the gate electrode, as well as the geometry of the gate materials. Thus, one can use this structure to achieve a centered light-emitting zone to maximize the power-conversion efficiency. Alternatively, LECTs can be used for information display in a highly integrated system, as it combines the simultaneous modulation of photons and electrons.In addition, we use multiple LECs to construct reconfigurable circuits, based on the reversible electrochemical doping. We demonstrate an LEC-array where several different circuits can be created by forming diodes with different polarity at different locations. The thereby formed circuitry can be erased and turned into circuitry with other functionality.For example, the diodes of a digital AND gate can be re-programmed to form an analogue voltage limiter. These reprogrammable circuits are promising for fully-printed and large-area reconfigurable circuits with facile fabrication. Exempelvis kan dioderna i en digital AND-krets programmeras om till att istället forma en analog spänningsbegränsare. Dessa programmerbara kretsar är enkla att tillverka och är därför ett lovande koncept för tryckt elektronik på stora ytor. SVENSK SAMMANFATTNING AV AVHANDLINGEN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Section: Polymer Light-emitting Electrochemical Cellsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Transistors

Jiang¹

2014

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“…A more novel approach to a fast turn-on constitutes a device tuning process, where the ions first are redistributed to allow for EDL formation and doping and then are stabilized in space, so that a subsequent turn-on only relies on a fast electronic process [85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. Gao and coworkers were first to demonstrate ionstabilization in a ''frozen-junction'' mode, when they performed the ion redistribution at room temperature and thereafter cooled down the device to a temperature at which the ions were effectively immobile [85,86].…”

Section: Performance: Achieving Fast Turn-on High Efficiency and Lomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, in order to attain a fast turn-on time from a pristine and stabile LEC, it is today advisable to drive the device in constant-current mode [89,95,96]. Based on literature values, it also appears as though the CP-LEC is at an advantage over the iTMC-LEC, presumably since the active-material morphology of the former is better fit for fast ion transport.…”

Section: Performance: Achieving Fast Turn-on High Efficiency and Lomentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: A Review on Recent Progress

2016

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The light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) is an area-emitting device, which features a complex turn-on process that ends with the formation of a p-n junction doping structure within the active material. This in-situ doping transformation is attractive in that it promises to pave the way for an unprecedented low-cost fabrication of thin and light-weight devices that present efficient light emission at low applied voltage. In this review, we present recent insights regarding the operational mechanism, breakthroughs in the development of scalable and adaptable solution-based methods for cost-efficient fabrication, and successful efforts toward the realization of LEC devices with improved efficiency and stability.

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“…For several years, the technological potential of PLECs was not totally exploited due to few, but relevant, drawbacks as, for instance, the low operation lifetime and poor chemical stability. However, recent works reporting the achievement of stable and long-lasting PLECs have increased the interest on the investigation of the electrical properties and on the understanding of the operation mechanisms of this class of devices [3][4][5][6][7][8]. The development of PLECs is also motivated by the ease of process and by the low manufacturing cost, permitting the production of devices with totally organic electrodes [9,10] and the use of innovative deposition techniques as slot die [11] and spray coating [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical properties of electrochemically doped organic semiconductors using light-emitting electrochemical cells

Gozzi

Cagnani

Faria

et al. 2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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We present a study of the electrical properties of electrochemically doped conjugated polymers using polymeric light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) and interpreting the results according to a phenomenological model (PM) which assumes that, above the device turn-on voltage, the bulk transport properties of the doped organic semiconductor are responsible for the main contribution to the whole device conductivity. To confirm the predictions of this model, the dependence of the conductivity of PLECs with different parameters is evaluated and compared with the behavior expected for a doped semiconducting polymeric material. The organic semiconductor doping level, the blend concentration of organic semiconducting molecules, the device thickness, the charge carrier mobility, and the temperature are the parameters varied to perform this analysis. We observed that the device conductivity is independent of the active layer thickness, weakly dependent on the temperature, but strongly dependent on the semiconductor doping level, on the semiconductor fraction in the blend, and on the intrinsic charge carrier mobility. These results were well described by the variable range hopping (VRH) model, which has been widely employed to describe the charge transport in doped semiconducting polymeric materials, confirming the prediction of the phenomenological model. The current analysis demonstrates that PLECs are a suitable system for studying, in situ, the electrochemical doping of semiconducting polymers, permitting the evaluation of material properties as, for instance, the density of electronic charge carriers (and, consequently, the ionic charge carrier concentration) necessary to achieve the maximum electrochemical doping level of the organic semiconductor.

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Stabilizing the Dynamic p−i−n Junction in Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells

Cited by 86 publications

References 40 publications

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Transistors

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Transistors

Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: A Review on Recent Progress

Electrical properties of electrochemically doped organic semiconductors using light-emitting electrochemical cells

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