Stabilizers for nitrate ester-based energetic materials and their mechanism of action: a state-of-the-art review

Trache, Djalal; Tarchoun, Ahmed Fouzi

doi:10.1007/s10853-017-1474-y

Cited by 139 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The melting temperature of stabilizers intended to be introduced in energetic materials formulations must be high enough to prevent stability issues [1]. From the solid-liquid equilibria investigation, the two studied systems have relatively high eutectic temperatures compared to the ambient temperature.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To ensure a safe life and long storage time under adverse storage conditions with acceptable chemical, thermal, mechanical and ballistic performances, such materials should contain various chemical compounds such as stabilizers [1]. Solid propellants consisting of nitrocellulose (NC) and/or other nitrate esters (NE), are inherently chemically unstable and tend to decompose even at the normal storage conditions because of the low bonding energy (155 kJ/mol) of the nitrate ester group (CH 2 -O-NO 2 ) [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…diphenylamine) and urea derivatives (Akardite-II, Akardite-III, ethyl centralite, methyl centralite) [1,2]. Some emerging substances are also being studied and evaluated (polymers, ionic liquids, organic and inorganic materials, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid + liquid equilibria and molecular structure studies of binary mixtures for nitrate ester’s stabilizers: Measurement and modeling

et al. 2018

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A B S T R A C TSolid-liquid equilibria (SLE) data for two binary organic mixtures of N-(2-methoxyethyl)-p-nitroaniline + Nethyl-4-nitroaniline (S1) and N-(2-ethanol)-p-nitroaniline + N-ethyl-4-nitroaniline (S2) have been measured using differential scanning calorimeter to build the corresponding solid-liquid phase diagrams. The quality of the SLE data has been checked by consistency tests, presenting good quality factors for both systems. Simple eutectic behavior has been observed for these systems with the presence of a solid-solid transition for S2. The SLE data have been correlated by means of Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC equations. The used models calculate the equilibrium temperatures very satisfactorily. The best modeling results were obtained using the Wilson equation with a root mean square deviation between experimental and calculated values for S1 and S2 of 1.15 and 1.99, respectively. The Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC equations have also been used to compute excess thermodynamic functions viz. excess Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The obtained results demonstrated a moderate positive deviation to ideality for S1, and a strong positive deviation for S2, unveiling the nature of the interactions between the compounds forming each mixture. In addition, microstructural studies have been carried out by FTIR, XRD and optical microscopy. Weak molecular interactions have been shown for the eutectic compositions. Jackson's roughness parameter was calculated and found to be greater than 2, suggesting the faceted morphology with irregular structures.

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Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solid + liquid equilibria and molecular structure studies of binary mixtures for nitrate ester’s stabilizers: Measurement and modeling

et al. 2018

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“…Cellulose nitrate, commonly known as nitrocellulose (NC), synthesized for the first time in 1832 by Braconnot and developed by Schönbein in 1846, is a traditional energetic material produced by the nitration of cellulose through exposure to sulfonitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent . The obtained fluffy white energetic polymer is extensively used in various military and civilian applications due to its noticeable characteristics such as great mechanical strength, flammability, rapid drying rate, and compatibility with several stabilizers and plasticizers …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Promising Energetic Polymer from Posidonia oceanica Brown Algae: Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetic Modeling

Tarchoun

Trache

Klapötke

et al. 2019

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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In this study, microcrystalline cellulose nitrate (MCCN) as energetic polymer is successfully obtained from Posidonia oceanica brown algae (POBA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show alterations in the intensities of some absorption bands, suggesting a significant difference in the chemical structure between microcrystalline cellulose and the emergent MCCN samples. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicate that MCCNs are more crystalline than conventional nitrocellulose (NC). According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), both NC and MCCN reveal a compact structure and a rough surface. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) displays that the thermal degradation of MCCNs shifts to lower temperatures compared to the respective NCs. Furthermore, in comparison with NC samples, MCCN samples exhibit high density, high nitrogen content, low viscosity‐average molecular weight, and good thermal stability. On the other hand, kinetic modeling based on DSC data is carried out by isoconversional integral methods to determine Arrhenius parameters and the decomposition mechanisms. It is found that MCCNs present lower activation energies than conventional NCs with a decrease of ≈6%. Finally, this work opens a new pathway to prepare MCCN from POBA, and it is expected to have applications in several areas such as propellants, energetic binders, and gas generators.

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“…The viscous consistency of the sample at 80 °C is thought to influence its stability because liquid materials decompose more quickly than crystalline solids . The air and moisture trapped in the spongy matrix of the samples, as well as that in the head space of the vials, probably accelerated the decomposition, as reported for other nitroesters . The addition of ethyl centralite did not change the stability compared to pure NP, but the addition of DPA or 2,4‐NDPA reduced the heat flow, indicating they are suitable as chemical stabilisers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Modification of β‐Cyclodextrins: Balancing Soft and Rigid Domains in Complex Structures

Luppi

Mai

Kister

et al. 2019

Chemistry A European J

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Crystalline polymers such as b-cyclodextrin( bCD) can be modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) diglycidyl ether cross-linkers (262, 394, 500 Da). In this work, the authors show that the quantity and length of the PEG soft segments influencet he solubility and malleability of the products, which are water soluble and easily converted to nitrated analoguesu nder standard reaction conditions. Inert and nitrated derivatives containing longer PEG segmentsshowed the ability to self-heal. The degree of cross-linking and de-composition temperatures ande nergies dependedo nt he quantity andl ength of the soft segment. Nitrated crosslinked bCD containingl ongerP EG segmentsd id not ignite following an electrostatic discharge of 4.5 J. The chemical stabilityo fbCD/PEG bindersw as testedb yh eat flow calorimetry at 80 8C. The balanced incorporation of soft PEG and rigid bCD segmentsw as found to improve the processability of cross-linked bCDsa nd desensitised their nitratedd erivatives, offering new solutions for inert and energetic binders.

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Stabilizers for nitrate ester-based energetic materials and their mechanism of action: a state-of-the-art review

Cited by 139 publications

References 99 publications

Solid + liquid equilibria and molecular structure studies of binary mixtures for nitrate ester’s stabilizers: Measurement and modeling

Solid + liquid equilibria and molecular structure studies of binary mixtures for nitrate ester’s stabilizers: Measurement and modeling

A Promising Energetic Polymer from Posidonia oceanica Brown Algae: Synthesis, Characterization, and Kinetic Modeling

Chemical Modification of β‐Cyclodextrins: Balancing Soft and Rigid Domains in Complex Structures

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