Stabilization of PACREL� by organotellurium compound

Malmström, Jonas; Engman, Lars; Bellander, Martin; Jacobsson, Karin; Stenberg, Bengt; Lönnberg, Viveca

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981017)70:3<449::aid-app4>3.0.co;2-n

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In Figure 2, the FE-SEM images of grafted cellulose surfaces are shown for cellulose samples C-80C-2h (B1 and B2) and C-80C-8h-DP1200 (C1 and C2), which are compared with neat filter paper (A1 and A2) at two magnifications. Similar to previous studies, 3,22 the grafting with PMMA covers the surface of filter paper, as the fibrillar structure of cellulose becomes less prominent in the more grafted samples. In C1 and C2, the filter paper with the longest grafts, the surface of the fibrils are clearly covered by the PMMA, showing the efficiency of the grafting reaction also under these reaction conditions.…”

Section: Grafting Of Cellulose At Different Temperaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

“…1 However, the utilization of cellulose could be extended far beyond traditional uses through the modification of the fiber surface with polymer grafts. [2][3][4] If hydrophobic polymers are grafted from the surface of the fibers, it has been shown that this compatibilizes the fibers, enabling them to be utilized as reinforcing agent in composite materials with a polymeric matrix. [5][6][7] Grafting can be performed either via grafting-from or via grafting-to, where grafting-from has proved to be a superior method in terms of grafting density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward industrial grafting of cellulosic substrates via ARGET ATRP

Hansson

Carlmark

Malmström

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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For the past decade, the interest in controlled grafting of cellulose has increased immensely. Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SI-ATRP) has attracted the most interest; however, the sensitivity of this system has so far hindered its utilization in industry. In this study, filter paper, dissolving pulp, bleached and unbleached Kraft-pulp, and chemi-thermomechanical pulp papers were grafted with methyl methacrylate, employing activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. The reactions were performed in bulk or with small amounts of aqueous solutions, with no deoxygenation performed. To further demonstrate the robustness of this method towards simpler and more industry-friendly processes, the polymerizations were conducted in glass jars with screw lids. The possibility of recycling the reaction solution was also explored. We believe his thorough study to be an important step towards industrializing the "grafting-from" concept, and the results herein can most likely be extended to other surfaces and monomers.

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Section: Grafting Of Cellulose At Different Temperaturessupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward industrial grafting of cellulosic substrates via ARGET ATRP

Hansson

Carlmark

Malmström

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…[14] Since then, controlled polymerization methods such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) have been extended from working with cellulose filter paper [14][15][16] to CNCs. [17][18][19] ATRP from the surface of filter paper, [14][15][16] wood, [20] or pulp fibres [21] is relatively straightforward, since the pre-polymerization step to attach the initiator can easily be done (and purified) in various solvents. However, when modifying CNCs with ATRP, initiator attachment involves lengthy solvent exchange steps and destabilization of CNC dispersions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals: One‐step synthesis, nanocomposite preparation, and characterization

et al. 2016

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are ideal reinforcing agents for polymer nanocomposites because they are lightweight and nano‐sized with a large aspect ratio and high elastic modulus. To overcome the poor compatibility of hydrophilic CNCs in non‐polar composite matrices, we grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from the surface of CNCs using an aqueous, one‐pot, free radical polymerization method with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator. The hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by CP/MAS NMR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. Spectroscopy demonstrates that 0.11 g/g (11 wt %) PMMA is grafted from the CNC surface, giving PMMA‐g‐CNCs, which are similar in size and crystallinity to unmodified CNCs but have an onset of thermal degradation 45 °C lower. Nanocomposites were prepared by compounding unmodified CNCs and PMMA‐g‐CNCs (0.0025–0.02 g/g (0.25–2 wt %) loading) with PMMA using melt mixing and wet ball milling. CNCs improved the performance of melt‐mixed nanocomposites at 0.02 g/g (2 wt %) loading compared to the PMMA control, while lower loadings of CNCs and all loadings of PMMA‐g‐CNCs did not. The difference in Young's modulus between unmodified CNC and polymer‐grafted CNC composites was generally insignificant. Overall, ball‐milled composites had inferior mechanical and rheological properties compared to melt‐mixed composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregation in the samples with CNCs, but more pronounced aggregation with PMMA‐g‐CNCs. Despite improving interfacial compatibility between the nanoparticles and the matrix, the effect of PMMA‐g‐CNC aggregation and decreased thermal stability dominated the composite performance.

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“…One way to modify cellulose, or other polysaccharides, is to graft a polymer from or onto its surface. [13][14][15][16][17] Modification of cellulose via grafting has been widely studied with various monomers using conventional radical polymerization, [18][19][20] and also controlled polymerization techniques, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), [21][22][23] ring-opening polymerization (ROP), [24][25][26][27] and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). 28,29 Further, for biocomposite applications, it is desirable to graft biodegradable monomers, such as lactones 30 and lactides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper‐sheet biocomposites based on wood pulp grafted with poly(ε‐caprolactone)

Bruce

Nilsson

Malmström

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Kraft pulp fibers were used as substrates for the grafting of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) from available hydroxyl groups through ring‐opening polymerization, targeting three different chain lengths (degree of polymerization): 120, 240, and 480. In a paper‐making process, paper‐sheet biocomposites composed of grafted fibers and neat pulp fibers were prepared. The paper sheets possessed both the appearance and the tactility of ordinary paper sheets. Additionally, the sheets were homogenous, suggesting that PCL‐grafted fibers and neat fibers were compatible, as demonstrated by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopy and through dye‐labeling of the PCL‐grafted fibers. Finally, it was shown that the paper‐sheet biocomposites could be hot‐pressed into laminate structures without the addition of any matrix polymer; the adhesive joint produced could even be stronger than the papers themselves. This apparent and sufficient adhesion between the layers was thought to be due to chain entanglements and/or co‐crystallization of adjacent grafted PCL chains within the different paper sheets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42039.

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Stabilization of PACREL� by organotellurium compound

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Toward industrial grafting of cellulosic substrates via ARGET ATRP

Toward industrial grafting of cellulosic substrates via ARGET ATRP

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals: One‐step synthesis, nanocomposite preparation, and characterization

Paper‐sheet biocomposites based on wood pulp grafted with poly(ε‐caprolactone)

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