Stabilization of mitochondrial function by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)

Abdel‐Kader, Reham M.; Hauptmann, Susanne; Keil, Uta; Scherping, Isabel; Leuner, Kristina; Eckert, Anne; Müller, Wernér E.G.

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.09.011

Cited by 139 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The drug is approved in Germany for the symptomatic treatment of AD, VaD, and mixed type dementia. Convincing evidence of efficacy is available for a daily dose of 240 mg. EGb 761 improves impaired mitochondrial function, hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, inhibits the aggregation and toxicity of A protein, decreases blood viscosity, and enhances microperfusion [53][54][55][56][57]. The efficacy of EGb 761 in AD, VaD, and mixed-type dementia has been extensively reviewed and is supported by numerous clinical trials, with beneficial effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric features, activities of daily living, and caregiver burden (e.g., [58][59][60][61][62]).…”

Section: Studies and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytopharmaceutical treatment of anxiety, depression, and dementia in the elderly: evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials

Kasper

2015

Wien Med Wochenschr

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Based on subgroup analyses of randomized, controlled clinical trials, we review the efficacy of three phytopharmaceutical drugs, respectively of the corresponding active substances silexan® (WS® 1265, lavender oil) in anxiety disorders, WS® 5570 (Hypericum extract) in major depression, and EGb 761® (Ginkgo biloba extract) in Alzheimer, vascular, or mixed type dementia, in elderly patients aged ≥ 60 years. Four trials were eligible in each indication. Meta-analyses and analyses based on pooled raw data showed that the three drugs were significantly superior to placebo in the elderly subset, and that their treatment effects reflected in the main outcome measures (Hamilton Anxiety scale, Hamilton Depression scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory) were comparable with those observed in the original trials without age restrictions. The results confirm the efficacy of the three herbal active substances in elderly patients of ≥ 60 years of age. In anxiety, depression, and dementia, they thus represent efficacious and well-tolerated alternatives to synthetic drugs.

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Section: Studies and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytopharmaceutical treatment of anxiety, depression, and dementia in the elderly: evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials

Kasper

2015

Wien Med Wochenschr

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“…Flavonoids have antioxidative properties which may contribute to neuroprotection, and ginkgolide B is known to inhibit thrombocyte aggregation in high doses [12]. Bilobalide has been found to improve mitochondrial activity and to preserve ATP levels during ischemia [3,13]. We have investigated interactions of bilobalide with amino acid neurotransmitters such as GABA, glycine, and glutamate [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgo Extract EGb761 Confers Neuroprotection by Reduction of Glutamate Release in Ischemic Brain

et al. 2012

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-Purpose -Ginkgo extract EGb761 has shown anti-edema and anti-ischemic effects in various experimental models. In the present study, we demonstrate neuroprotective effects of EGb761 in experimental stroke while monitoring brain metabolism by microdialysis. Methods -We have used oxygenglucose deprivation in brain slices in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo to induce ischemia in mouse brain. We used microdialysis in mouse striatum to monitor extracellular concentrations of glucose and glutamate. Results -In vitro, EGb761 reduced ischemia-induced cell swelling in hippocampal slices by 60%. In vivo, administration of EGb761 (300 mg/kg) reduced cell degeneration and edema formation after MCAO by 35-50%. Immediately following MCAO, striatal glucose levels dropped to 25% of controls, and this reduction was not significantly affected by EGb761. Striatal glutamate levels, in contrast, increased 15-fold after MCAO; after pretreatment with EGb761, glutamate levels only increased by 4-5fold. Conclusions -We show that pretreatment with EGb761 strongly reduces cellular edema formation and neurodegeneration under conditions of ischemia. The mechanism of action seems to be related to a reduction of excitotoxicity, because ischemia-induced release of glutamate was strongly suppressed. Ginkgo extracts such as EGb761 may be valuable to prevent ischemia-induced damage in stroke-prone patients.

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“…In pre-clinical studies, it has been shown to protect the brain from ischaemic/ hypoxic damage (Karcher et al, 1984;Pierre et al, 1999;Spinnewyn et al, 1986), to change the micromechanics of erythrocytes (Artmann et al, 1991), to protect mitochondria from ageing-related damage thus improving mitochondrial function and energy metabolism (Abdel-Kader et al, 2007;Eckert et al, 2003;Sastre et al, 1998). Moreover, EGb 761 inhibits a major mediator of inflammation (the so-called platelet activating factor; Akiba et al, 1998;Braquet et al, 1985;Smith et al, 1996), attenuates insulin resistance (Hoyer et al 1999), enhances high-affinity choline uptake (Krištofiková et al, 1992) and increases the density of hippocampal muscarinic receptors (Taylor, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgo biloba: specificity of neuropsychological improvement—a selective review in search of differential effects

Kaschel

2009

Human Psychopharmacology

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Extracts of Ginkgo biloba are widely used for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Whereas reviews have focused on the question whether ginkgo is effective to enhance cognition in general, little is known about specificity of improvement. This might be crucial for future trials, thus enabling hypotheses about sensitive outcome measures. Therefore, this article summarizes such information, i.e. neuropsychological effects of chronic administration of ginkgo in healthy and cognitively impaired subjects of any age. Objective psychometric test results were considered if they reflected distinct cognitive functions from randomized controlled group-studies (RCT). We reviewed 29 RCTs yielding 209 placebo-drug comparisons of psychometric scores in four different cognitive domains comprising 14 sub-functions. Whereas little specific information can be obtained from trials for treatment of dementia, a pattern of pharmacological actions on cognitive processes emerges here from studies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, multiple sclerosis and healthy young and elderly subjects. There is consistent evidence that chronic administration improves selective attention, some executive processes and long-term memory for verbal and non-verbal material. Further trials should be more comprehensive as there are few data available on some cognitive functions and psychometric flaws in the selection of tests and the interpretation of their results favouring predominantly beta-errors. Thus, though this pattern is encouraging it also asks for a cautious interpretation to date.

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Stabilization of mitochondrial function by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)

Cited by 139 publications

References 54 publications

Phytopharmaceutical treatment of anxiety, depression, and dementia in the elderly: evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials

Phytopharmaceutical treatment of anxiety, depression, and dementia in the elderly: evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials

Ginkgo Extract EGb761 Confers Neuroprotection by Reduction of Glutamate Release in Ischemic Brain

Ginkgo biloba: specificity of neuropsychological improvement—a selective review in search of differential effects

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