Stabilization of carbon-black dispersions in hydrocarbons

Waarden, M. van der

doi:10.1016/0095-8522(50)90056-0

Cited by 76 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While this structure control can be achieved by carefully controlled processing techniques (such as blending conditions, [8] or external stimuli such as magnetic and electrical fields during synthesis) [7] scalability and reliability would be greatly improved if the desired structure and dispersion were intrinsically stable properties of the material itself. The use of polymeric shells grafted to nanoparticles, originally as a method of colloidal stabilization (van der Waarden reported the use of grafted polymers to stabilize colloids as early as 1950) [9][10][11] is now widely exploited to enhance dispersion and mixing of the particles into an organic solvent or matrix by creating a compatibilizing layer between the inorganic nanoparticles and the organic matrix. [12,13] These "hairy" nanoparticles (HNPs) consist of a central core surrounded by an organic (typically polymeric) corona.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hairy nanoparticle assemblies as one-component functional polymer nanocomposites: opportunities and challenges

et al. 2013

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Over the past three decades, the combination of inorganic-nanoparticles and organic-polymers has led to a wide variety of advanced materials, including polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). Recently, synthetic innovations for attaching polymers to nanoparticles to create "hairy nanoparticles" (HNPs) has expanded opportunities in this field. In addition to nanoparticle compatibilization for traditional particle-matrix blending, neat-HNPs afford one-component hybrids, both in composition and properties, which avoids issues of mixing that plague traditional PNCs. Continuous improvements in purity, scalability, and theoretical foundations of structure-performance relationships are critical to achieving design control of neat-HNPs necessary for future applications, ranging from optical, energy, and sensor devices to lubricants, green-bodies, and structures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hairy nanoparticle assemblies as one-component functional polymer nanocomposites: opportunities and challenges

et al. 2013

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“…Such adsorbate layers prevent the direct contact of surfaces and, thus, restrain the attractive van-der-Waals forces and can, therefore, inhibit the coagulation of particles (van der Waarden 1950;Heller and Pugh 1954). Steric interactions by polymers have been systematically investigated by Donald H. Napper in a series of papers (e.g.…”

Section: Steric Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals in Colloid Science

Babick

2016

Suspensions of Colloidal Particles and Aggregates

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Preparation and handling of colloidal suspension or even their characterisation is not possible without a basic understanding of the physical effects that prevail on the microscopic level. Some of these effects are directly related to the fineness of the particles because it coincides with a large specific surface area (which corresponds, e.g., to a high adsorption capacity), a considerably curvature of the particle surface (which i. a. promotes dissolution), a high number concentration (i.e. significant osmotic pressure and large collision frequencies), small interparticle distances (i.e. strong interactions between scattered waves), low particle mass (i.e. low weight and inertia), or with the fact that the wavelength of light is larger than particle size (i.e. weak optical scattering). A further effect of the small size of colloidal particles is that their diffusive motion is much faster than for micrometre particles. Moreover, the interactions between colloidal particles are decisive for the macroscopic behaviour of the whole suspension (e.g. with regard to rheology or coagulation). These interactions may be attractive and/or repulsive and depend on the chemical nature and the material properties of the particles. Most of all, they are affected by the interfacial properties which reflect the physico-chemical interaction between the particulate phase, the solvent, and the solutes (e.g. hydrophobicity, adsorption, surface charging).This chapter provides a brief introduction to the fundamentals in colloid science. It addresses the physico-chemical properties of single colloidal particles as well as the processes at the interface and the structure of the interfacial layer. It further examines the non-viscous interactions that occur among colloidal particles. For detailed explanation, the reader is referred to the textbooks of Adamson and Gast

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“…Adsorption of both ionizing and nonionizing redeposition preventives on soil and/or substrate is indicated as at least one factor involved in their effectiveness [ 57] . Borrowing from nonaqueous media involving carbon as the suspendate, molecules of surfactant adsorbed by the carbon have been found to prevent these particles from approaching to such short distances as to enter each other's sphere of attraction [65 ] .…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

Harris

1959

Textile Research Journal

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E VEN IF a selected cleaning system were comprised of single-component soil, substrate, and detergent solution, and all were essentially pure, the system it. far from &dquo;simple.&dquo; Interactions between substrate and soil, substrate and detergent solution, soil and detergent solution, and of the three phases [36,77] occur, and are difficult to measure. It is understandable why many investigators have attempter measurements in the absence of substrate, but lacking substrate the system is incomplete, and for such a dynamic system as a cleansing operation leaves much to be desired. The present discussion is concerned more with the mechanisms involved in maintaining soil in suspension (preventing deposition or redeposition) in detergent solutions than in soil removal from the substrate.Soil-Detergent Solution Systema Previous discussion of suspending action by detergent solutions has related the ability of detergent systems to prevent the sedimentation of soil particles. Reich [46] ] rightly distinguishes between specific sedimentation (or suspending value), which has relatively little to do with soil redeposition on a substrate; protective action, which prevents particles from adhering to the substrate; and an actual dispersion or redeposition preventive mechanism, operative in dynamic systems where the soil is deflocculated and the particles have lowercd mutual at-' traction. However, it seems certain that even though previous investigators have indirectly utilised the sedimentation technique, this has not been in a specific sense, but as a relative measure of differences in a static (versus a dynamic ) system. Preferential sorption of ions of the suspending agent increases the particle charge or zeta potential, resulting in deflocculation of aggregates of primary particles. This deflocculating effect may be of relatively lesser importance when compared with the mechanical forces involved in the cleaning operation [46], but nevertheless is effective in preventing soil redeposition. '

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Stabilization of carbon-black dispersions in hydrocarbons

Cited by 76 publications

References 11 publications

Hairy nanoparticle assemblies as one-component functional polymer nanocomposites: opportunities and challenges

Hairy nanoparticle assemblies as one-component functional polymer nanocomposites: opportunities and challenges

Fundamentals in Colloid Science

Suspending Action by Detergents in the Presence of Substrate

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