Stabilization of Calcium Oxalate Suspension by Urinary Macromolecules, Probably an Efficient Protection from Stone Formation

Baumann, J. M.; Affolter, Beat; Caprez, U.; Clivaz, C.; Glück, Z.; Weber, Rolf Roland

doi:10.1159/000107961

Cited by 15 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Various organic and inorganic molecules have been suspected to be involved in stone formation and disease progression [24,25]. Imbalance between oversaturation factors that might promote the crystallization or inhibit the crystal formation triggers the enlargement of crystals in urine [26]. Therefore, most of the recent studies focused on urine ingredients and the acceleration of the substances to be linked with urolithiasis is considered to be an important clue to highlight urinary stone formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between IL-1RN VNTR, IL-1β -511 and IL-6 (-174, -572, -597) Gene Polymorphisms and Urolithiasis

Gürkan

Arısan²,

Arısan³

et al. 2013

Urol Int

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Urolithiasis is a common multifactorial urological disorder that is characterized by stone formation. Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that might be linked with urolithiasis. The single nucleotide polymorphisms within the IL-1 and IL-6 cytokine genes altered the cytokine expression levels. Our aim was to investigate the potential of IL-1β (-511 C>T), IL-6 (-174 G>C, -572 G>C, -597 G>A) and IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphisms to be a genetic marker for urinary stone disease. The polymorphisms studied in the promoter regions of IL-1β and IL-6 genes did not reveal a strong association with urolithiasis when compared to the control group (p = 0.293, 0.871, 0.921, 0.536, respectively). However, a significant difference was observed between control and patient groups for IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism (χ² = 6.131, d.f. = 2, p = 0.047). Our data provide evidence that IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism may be involved in the pathogenesis of urinary stone formation, contributing to genetic susceptibility for urolithiasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between IL-1RN VNTR, IL-1β -511 and IL-6 (-174, -572, -597) Gene Polymorphisms and Urolithiasis

Gürkan

Arısan²,

Arısan³

et al. 2013

Urol Int

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“…Structural differences were found comparing individually isolated UM, like Tamm-Horsfall protein, from selected patients and controls [13] or urinary prothrombin fragment 1 from a white and a black population, the latter rarely forming stones [14] . Astonishingly, inhibition of AGN showed only a poor correlation with the ZP of coated crystals [5,11] . Furthermore, in urine and in UM-containing solutions, the AGN of freshly produced calcium oxalate often occurred with a delay of more than 20 min [5] , whereas electrostatic attraction by VWF is known to be a very rapid process allowing the formation of large particles within seconds [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Astonishingly, inhibition of AGN showed only a poor correlation with the ZP of coated crystals [5,11] . Furthermore, in urine and in UM-containing solutions, the AGN of freshly produced calcium oxalate often occurred with a delay of more than 20 min [5] , whereas electrostatic attraction by VWF is known to be a very rapid process allowing the formation of large particles within seconds [15] . AGN in the presence of UM therefore seems to base on other mechanisms than attraction by VWF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Coats of UM with diameters of several nanometers [4] partially separate crystals at a distance from each other, where VWF become extremely weak [2] . UM obtained by dialysis of urine showed a marked inhibition of crystal AGN [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] , which was deficient in some [6] , but not in all stone patients [7] . Structural differences were found comparing individually isolated UM, like Tamm-Horsfall protein, from selected patients and controls [13] or urinary prothrombin fragment 1 from a white and a black population, the latter rarely forming stones [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CL has a high negative surface potential and therefore is used as a calibrator in ZP measurements. Since the AGN of Ca oxalate and its inhibition by UM has been explored intensively [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][15][16][17] , the study of AGN in this paper was limited to CL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Calcium in the Aggregation of Particles Coated by Urinary Macromolecules

Baumann¹,

Affolter²,

Caprez³

et al. 2009

Urol Int

Self Cite

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Objectives: In urine, aggregation (AGN) of crystal occurs although they are coated by negatively charged urinary macromolecules (UM) and isolated at a distance from each other, where attraction forces become extremely weak. Calcium (Ca) bridges or viscous binding by UM could explain this AGN. Methods: Suspensions of Ca oxalate monohydrate (COM) and carboxylated latex (CL) were prepared in buffered water and UM solutions which were obtained from the urine of 6 healthy men. Surface potential or zetapotential (ZP) of the particles was measured at various concentrations of Ca and UM. AGN of CL was monitored determining particle size and optical density. Results: The ZP of COM was neutralized by Ca and stabilized around –15 mV by UM. In CL, a stable ZP of about –20 mV was achieved at >3 mM Ca. However, to induce AGN further addition of Ca was necessary. AGN then increased independently of ZP with increasing Ca and decreased with increasing UM concentration. Conclusions: In CL, two different Ca effects could be distinguished, one on ZP and another on AGN. The latter is probably based on the formation of Ca bridges between particles and is inhibited by a steric barrier of adsorbed UM. A similar mechanism is postulated for crystal aggregation.

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Crystal sedimentation and stone formation

Baumann¹,

Affolter²,

Meyer³

2009

Urol Res

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Mechanisms of crystal collision being the first step of aggregation (AGN) were analyzed for calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) directly produced in urine. COM was produced by oxalate titration in urine of seven healthy men, in solutions of urinary macromolecules and in buffered distilled water (control). Crystal formation and sedimentation were followed by a spectrophotometer and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Viscosity of urine was measured at 37°C. From results, sedimentation rate (vS), particle diffusion (D) and incidences of collision of particles in suspension by sedimentation (IS) and by diffusion (ID) were calculated. Calculations were related to average volume and urinary transit time of renal collecting ducts (CD) and of renal pelvis. vS was in urine 0.026 ± 0.012, in UMS 0.022 ± 0.01 and in control 0.091 ± 0.02 cm min−1 (mean ± SD). For urine, a D of 9.53 ± 0.97 μm within 1 min can be calculated. At maximal crystal concentration, IS was only 0.12 and ID was 0.48 min−1 cm−3 which, even at an unrealistic permanent and maximal crystalluria, would only correspond to less than one crystal collision/week/CD, whereas to the same tubular wall being in horizontal position 1.3 crystals/min and to a renal stone 624 crystals/cm2 min could drop by sedimentation. Sedimentation to renal tubular or pelvic wall, where crystals can accumulate and meet with a tissue calcification or a stone, is probably essential for stone formation. Since vS mainly depends on particle size, reducing urinary supersaturation and crystal growth by dietary oxalate restriction seems to be an important measure to prevent aggregation.

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Stabilization of Calcium Oxalate Suspension by Urinary Macromolecules, Probably an Efficient Protection from Stone Formation

Cited by 15 publications

References 26 publications

Association between IL-1RN VNTR, IL-1β -511 and IL-6 (-174, -572, -597) Gene Polymorphisms and Urolithiasis

Association between IL-1RN VNTR, IL-1β -511 and IL-6 (-174, -572, -597) Gene Polymorphisms and Urolithiasis

Role of Calcium in the Aggregation of Particles Coated by Urinary Macromolecules

Crystal sedimentation and stone formation

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