Stabilization Methods in the Submerged Arc Discharge Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures

Hernández-Tabares, Lorenzo; Darias-Gonzalez, Juan G.; Chao‐Mujica, Frank J.; Ledo-Pereda, L M; Antuch, Manuel; Carrillo-Barroso, E; Chong-Quero, J. E.; Reguera, E.; García, Luis Felipe Desdín

doi:10.1155/2021/6550809

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Therefore, the amount of solid in the supernatant and precipitate was larger, when compared to this work. A detailed analysis of these processes can be found in [10,15]. Overall, it was shown that the use of a stabilisation system can The determination of the yield was carried out at 30 A as it was considered optimal for the synthesis of CNSs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, arc power stability is crucial in SADW synthesis to ensure the homogeneity and quality of produced CNSs. In almost all published works on SADW, appropriate systems for arc stabilisation are not used [10]. In most studies, arc stability evaluation is based solely on the intensity of emitted arc light or other unsuitable indicators [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detailed yield assessment of carbon nanostructures synthesized by submerged arc discharge in water

Chao-Mujica,

Corcho-Valdes,

Padron-Ramirez

et al. 2024

Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol.

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Submerged arc discharge in water (SADW) is one of the most effective methods for the synthesis of high-quality carbon nanostructures (CNSs). Despite the numerous published studies on SADW, systematic data on yield is still lacking. The SADW runs as a succession of stable and unstable zones, but the influence of these zones on its yield has not yet been explored. The CNSs were synthesised in a SADW facility with a micro-positioning system controlled by current feedback, stabilisation via ballast resistance, and data recorded by a five-parameter correlated measurement system. The synthesis products were characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption isotherms. In this study, an approach is presented to determine the SADW yield by analysing the correlation between the process parameters recorded with the experimental setup and gravimetric measurements. In the work, the relationship between the formation of the different CNSs and the stable and unstable zones is discussed. The yield was determined at a current of 30 A, which is considered the optimal current for CNSs synthesis, and the estimation obtained indicates that it is in the range of 1%–1.3%. The energy consumption to produce CNSs was assessed to be around 80 kJ.mg−1. The results obtained contribute to clarifying some of the factors that influence yield and how to optimise it. This work provides a useful reference point for future work associated with CNS synthesis using SADW.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed yield assessment of carbon nanostructures synthesized by submerged arc discharge in water

Chao-Mujica,

Corcho-Valdes,

Padron-Ramirez

et al. 2024

Adv. Nat. Sci: Nanosci. Nanotechnol.

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“…[32] CDs were first discovered accidentally by Xuan co-workers, during the electrophoretic purification of carbon nanotubes and since then, their research activity in this area has been increasingly active. [36,37] Despite the fact that the mechanism of CDs fluorescence is still under debate, there are certain hypotheses comprising the emission through defects and the fluorescence from conjugated moieties within the nanoparticle, which are two explanations for their luminescent behavior. [38] Nevertheless, such fluorescent properties may likely arise from a combined effect of multiple mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) exist of various kinds, including Carbon Dots (CDs) [32] Carbon Nanoonions (CNO), [34] carbon nanotubes (CNT) [35] and polyhedral nanoparticles [32] . CDs were first discovered accidentally by Xuan co‐workers, during the electrophoretic purification of carbon nanotubes and since then, their research activity in this area has been increasingly active [36,37] . Despite the fact that the mechanism of CDs fluorescence is still under debate, there are certain hypotheses comprising the emission through defects and the fluorescence from conjugated moieties within the nanoparticle, which are two explanations for their luminescent behavior [38] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Fluorescent Carbon Dots (CDs) for the Selective detection of Metal‐Containing Ions

López‐Beltrán

Iriarte‐Mesa²,

Murru

et al. 2023

Chemistry A European J

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The pollution caused by heavy metals (HMs) may occur through both natural processes and anthropogenic activities and is found in complex media. The purpose of this review is to summarize the state-of-art of fluorescent CDs and the sensing applications in a systematic manner. This review intends to provide clues on the origin on the observed selectivity in chemiluminiscence sensors, which was until now a stated but unaddressed question, and still remains open for debate. Indeed, it is tempting to think that CDs possessing functional groups with soft bases at the surface are able to detect soft metal acids, while the opposite is to be suspected for hard acid-base pairs. However, the literature shows several examples where this trend does not hold. We found that such observation is explained by the involvement of dynamic quenching, which does not involve the formation of a nonfluorescent complex, as in the case of static quenching. We have provided an interpretation of published data that was not provided by the original authors and offer guidelines to enable the design of CDs to target ions in solution.

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“…Instabilities in carbon discharges, detectable as oscillations in arc voltage and optical emission, have been related to the particular geometries of ablating anode (Gershman and Raitses 2016, Yatom et al 2017b). Even submerged arcs show instable behaviour (Sano et al 2003, Bhattacharya et al 2019, Hernandez-Tabares et al 2021…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosynthesis by atmospheric arc discharges excited with pulsed-DC power: a review

Roca¹,

Portal²,

Kundrapu³

et al. 2022

Nanotechnology

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Plasma technology is actively used for nanoparticle synthesis and modification. All plasma techniques share the ambition of providing high quality, nanostructured materials with full control over their crystalline state and functional properties. Pulsed-DC physical/chemical vapour deposition (PVD/CVD), high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and pulsed cathodic arc are consolidated low-temperature plasma processes for the synthesis of high-quality nanocomposite films in vacuum environment. However, atmospheric arc discharge stands out thanks to the high throughput, wide variety, and excellent quality of obtained stand-alone nanomaterials, mainly core-shell nanoparticles, transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, and carbon-based nanostructures, like graphene and carbon nanotubes. Unique capabilities of this arc technique are due to its flexibility and wide range of plasma parameters achievable by modulation of the frequency, duty cycle, and amplitude of pulse waveform. The many possibilities offered by pulsed arc discharges applied on synthesis of low-dimensional materials are reviewed here. Periodical variations in temperature and density of the pulsing arc plasma enable nanosynthesis with a more rational use of the supplied power. Parameters such as plasma composition, consumed power, process stability, material properties, and economical aspects, are discussed. Finally, a brief outlook towards future tendencies of nanomaterial preparation is proposed. Atmospheric pulsed arcs constitute promising, clean processes providing ecological and sustainable development in the production of nanomaterials both in industry and research laboratories.

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Stabilization Methods in the Submerged Arc Discharge Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures

Cited by 12 publications

References 59 publications

Detailed yield assessment of carbon nanostructures synthesized by submerged arc discharge in water

Detailed yield assessment of carbon nanostructures synthesized by submerged arc discharge in water

Design of Fluorescent Carbon Dots (CDs) for the Selective detection of Metal‐Containing Ions

Nanosynthesis by atmospheric arc discharges excited with pulsed-DC power: a review

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