Abstract:Stability of α-amylase (α-A), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and total esterase activity (TEA) in two pools of porcine saliva was studied after 1 and 4 days
at 4°C, and after 30, 90 and 360 days at −20° and −80°C. At 4°C, BChE, lipase and TEA were stable less than 1 day, α-A less than 4 days and ADA for up to 4 days. At −20°C, BChE and TEA were
stable less than 30 days, α-A and lipase less than 90 days and ADA up to 360 days. At −80°C, TEA was stable less than 30 days, α-A and … Show more
“…The optimal temperature for storage depends of the analyte. For example, CgA and ADA are stable in saliva 1 year stored at − 20 °C; whereas − 80 °C is recommended for prolonged storage of sAA or BChE and the enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative stress in general [ 26 , 65 ]. Overall, at − 80 °C, the analytes are more stable than at − 20 °C.…”
Section: General Recommendations For Saliva Sampling and Managementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Overall, at − 80 °C, the analytes are more stable than at − 20 °C. Information about how analytes in saliva can be stable at different storage conditions has been reported in pigs [ 65 ] and humans [ 66 ]. Fig.…”
Section: General Recommendations For Saliva Sampling and Managementmentioning
The use of saliva as a biological sample has many advantages, being especially relevant in pigs where the blood collection is highly stressful and painful, both for the animal and the staff in charge of the sampling. Currently one of the main uses of saliva is for diagnosis and detection of infectious diseases, but the saliva can also be used to measure biomarkers that can provide information of stress, inflammation, immune response and redox homeostasis. This review will be focused on the analytes that can be used for such evaluations. Emphasis will be given in providing data of practical use about their physiological basis, how they can be measured, and their interpretation. In addition, some general rules regarding sampling and saliva storage are provided and the concept of sialochemistry will be addressed. There is still a need for more data and knowledge for most of these biomarkers to optimize their use, application, and interpretation. However, this review provides updated data to illustrate that besides the detection of pathogens in saliva, additional interesting applicative information regarding pigs´ welfare and health can be obtained from this fluid. Information that can potentially be applied to other animal species as well as to humans.
“…The optimal temperature for storage depends of the analyte. For example, CgA and ADA are stable in saliva 1 year stored at − 20 °C; whereas − 80 °C is recommended for prolonged storage of sAA or BChE and the enzymes and biomarkers of oxidative stress in general [ 26 , 65 ]. Overall, at − 80 °C, the analytes are more stable than at − 20 °C.…”
Section: General Recommendations For Saliva Sampling and Managementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Overall, at − 80 °C, the analytes are more stable than at − 20 °C. Information about how analytes in saliva can be stable at different storage conditions has been reported in pigs [ 65 ] and humans [ 66 ]. Fig.…”
Section: General Recommendations For Saliva Sampling and Managementmentioning
The use of saliva as a biological sample has many advantages, being especially relevant in pigs where the blood collection is highly stressful and painful, both for the animal and the staff in charge of the sampling. Currently one of the main uses of saliva is for diagnosis and detection of infectious diseases, but the saliva can also be used to measure biomarkers that can provide information of stress, inflammation, immune response and redox homeostasis. This review will be focused on the analytes that can be used for such evaluations. Emphasis will be given in providing data of practical use about their physiological basis, how they can be measured, and their interpretation. In addition, some general rules regarding sampling and saliva storage are provided and the concept of sialochemistry will be addressed. There is still a need for more data and knowledge for most of these biomarkers to optimize their use, application, and interpretation. However, this review provides updated data to illustrate that besides the detection of pathogens in saliva, additional interesting applicative information regarding pigs´ welfare and health can be obtained from this fluid. Information that can potentially be applied to other animal species as well as to humans.
“…Adenosine deaminase was also stable in most of the conditions with the exception of RT, where it showed a significant increase. Stability of ADA has been studied in porcine saliva and was considered as stable for up to 1 year at - 80 ºC ( 27 ). The reason why the activity of this enzyme in saliva increases at RT needs to be further elucidated.…”
IntroductionIn this report, we aimed to examine the stability of various analytes in saliva under different storage conditions.Materials and methodsAlpha-amylase (AMY), cholinesterase (CHE), lipase (Lip), total esterase (TEA), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), lactate (Lact), adenosine deaminase (ADA), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability (FRAS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), uric acid (UA), catalase (CAT), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were colorimetrically measured in saliva obtained by passive drool from 12 healthy voluntary donors at baseline and after 3, 6, 24, 72 hours, 7 and 14 days at room temperature (RT) and 4 ºC, and after 14 days, 1, 3 and 6 months at – 20 ºC and – 80 ºC.ResultsAt RT, changes appeared at 6 hours for TEA and H2O2; 24 hours for Lip, CK, ADA and CUPRAC; and 72 hours for LD, Lact, FRAS, UA and AOPP. At 4 ºC changes were observed after 6 hours for TEA and H2O2; 24 hours for Lip and CUPRAC; 72 hours for CK; and 7 days for LD, FRAS and UA. At – 20 ºC changes appeared after 14 days for AST, Lip, CK and LD; and 3 months for TEA and H2O2. At – 80 ºC observed changes were after 3 months for TEA and H2O2.ConclusionsIn short-term storage, the analytes were more stable at 4 ºC than at room temperature, whereas in long-term storage they were more stable at - 80 ºC than at – 20 ºC.
“…Percentages of loss and recovery of markers after each point of measurements were calculated as percentages from initial analysis (T0 as 100% of each analyte concentration of saliva sample). Measurements were calculated according to the following formula: (T − T0) × 100/T0 [ 28 ].…”
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible changes of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and ferritin during the entire productive cycle in fattening pigs and at different diurnal sampling times. Moreover, the possible effects of the presence of pen contaminants and storage stability at different temperature conditions were assessed. The analytes changed along the different phases of the fattening productive cycle, showing, in general, higher values at the initial phases. In addition, statistically significant variations were found in Zn and Cu measurements at different sampling times of the day. In the spectrophotometric assays, the values of all analytes significantly increased after adding high concentrations of feces or feed. However, when low concentrations of feces or feed were added, only Cu showed a significant increase. Overall, the salivary levels of Zn, Cu, Fe and ferritin in pigs can change during different fattening phases and the different hours of the day. These analytes were more stable at −80 °C and, if saliva is contaminated with feces or feed, it can lead to an increase in these analytes.
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