Stability of Plant Defense Proteins in the Gut of Insect Herbivores

Chen, H.; Gonzales‐Vigil, Eliana; Wilkerson, Curtis G.; Howe, Gregg A.

doi:10.1104/pp.106.095588

Cited by 45 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…This frass may therefore provide a nutrient resource to decomposer microfauna and accelerate decomposition (Reynolds & Hunter 2001;Fonte & Schowalter 2005;Madritch, Donaldson & Lindroth 2007;Frost & Hunter 2008), although the consistent deceleration of decomposition in galled tissue does not support this. Nevertheless, our results do not rule out a role of frass in mediating lamina chemistry because frass can also contain high levels of plant defensive compounds (Kopper et al 2002;Chen et al 2007). With E. populella in particular, frass remains within the gall body and we assume has antimicrobial metabolites to prevent rampant bacterial or fungal growth in the enclosed gall environment (Tooker and De Moraes 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A petiole-galling insect herbivore decelerates leaf lamina litter decomposition rates

et al. 2012

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Summary1. Herbivore-mediated changes in leaf-litter chemistry are often considered responsible for altering litter decomposition rates, but such chemical changes often co-occur with other factors such as physical alteration of leaf material that also influence decomposition rates. We attempted to disentangle these effects using the poplar petiole gall moth (Ectoedemia populella Brusk), which forms galls on petioles at the base of the leaf lamina but does not alter leaf morphology. Thus, differences in leaf decomposition rates between galled and ungalled leaves should be explained by gall-mediated changes in leaf chemistry. 2. Petiole galling decelerated leaf lamina litter decomposition in two Populus host species, but in temporally distinct ways. In Populus granidentata, galling decelerated decomposition by 7% after 4 months. After 12 and 18 months, Populus tremuloides litter decomposition rates were 12% and 17% lower, respectively, in lamina tissue whose petiole had been galled relative to ungalled. On average, the petiole galler increased leaf lamina nitrogen concentrations by 17%, decreased tannin concentrations from 37% to 53% and decreased tannin-binding capacity by 11% and 37% in P. grandidentata and P. tremuloides, respectively. These changes would be expected to increase, rather than decrease, decomposition rates. 3. Unlike other insect herbivores guilds that have variable effects on litter decomposition in direction and magnitude, all gall insects studied to date have decelerated leaf-litter decomposition. This consistent effect of galling on decomposition provides a framework for deciphering a fundamental aspect of insect herbivory on a critical ecosystem process. 4. We used a gall-inducing moth with a distinctive natural history to confirm the role of herbivore-mediated litter chemistry in leaf-litter decomposition dynamics. Moreover, we advance the hypothesis that gall-induced defensive manipulations that protect a host plant from injury by other herbivores lead to decelerated litter decomposition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A petiole-galling insect herbivore decelerates leaf lamina litter decomposition rates

et al. 2012

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“…One example comes from work on the JA-regulated defensive enzyme threonine deaminase (TD2), which degrades the essential amino acid Thr in the lepidopteran gut [116]. Although TD2 expression in tomato leaves is induced in response to attack by both beet armyworm ( Spodoptera exigua ) and cabbage looper ( Trichoplusia ni ) caterpillars and by the Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata ), the defensive activity of the enzyme is only activated in the gut of lepidopteran herbivores, not in the gut of the coleopteran herbivore [117].…”

Section: Do Recognition-induced Plant Hormone Network Trigger Specifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions

Erb

Meldau

Howe

2012

Trends in Plant Science

742

678

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The capacity to perceive and respond is integral to biological immune systems, but to what extent can plants specifically recognize and respond to insects? Recent findings suggest that plants possess surveillance systems that are able to detect general patterns of cellular damage as well as highly specific herbivore-associated cues. The jasmonate (JA) pathway has emerged as the major signaling cassette that integrates information perceived at the plant–insect interface into broad-spectrum defense responses. Specificity can be achieved via JA-independent processes and spatio-temporal changes of JA-modulating hormones, including ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, brassinosteroids and gibberellins. The identification of receptors and ligands and an integrative view of hormone-mediated response systems are crucial to understand specificity in plant immunity to herbivores.

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“…For a plant protein to perform a defense function after ingestion by an insect, it may need to remain largely intact in the insect digestive system. Poplar polyphenol oxidase and tomato threonine deaminase have previously been shown to be stable or active in the guts of lepidopteran larvae (Wang & Constabel, 2004;Chen et al, 2005Chen et al, , 2007. Some plant KPIs are exceptionally resistant to reducing agents, boiling and extremes of pH (Garcia et al, 2004;Macedo et al, 2004Macedo et al, , 2007.…”

Section: Stability Of Pkpi Protein In the Insect Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poplar defense against insects: genome analysis, full‐length cDNA cloning, and transcriptome and protein analysis of the poplar Kunitz‐type protease inhibitor family

et al. 2009

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Summary• Kunitz protease inhibitors (KPIs) feature prominently in poplar defense responses against insects. The increasing availability of genomics resources enabled a comprehensive analysis of the poplar (p)KPI family.• Using genome analysis, expressed sequence tag (EST) mining and full-length (FL)cDNA cloning we established an inventory and phylogeny of pKPIs. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses were used to profile pKPI gene expression following real or simulated insect attack. Proteomics of insect midgut content was used to monitor stability of pKPI protein.• We identified 31 pKPIs in the genome and validated gene models by EST mining and cloning of 41 unique FLcDNAs. Genome organization of the pKPI family, with six poplar-specific subfamilies, suggests that tandem duplications have played a major role in its expansion. pKPIs are expressed throughout the plant and many are strongly induced by insect attack, although insect-specific signals seem initially to suppress the tree pKPI response. We found substantial peptide coverage for a potentially intact pKPI protein in insect midgut after eating poplar leaves.• These results highlight the complexity of an important defense gene family in poplar with regard to gene family size, differential constitutive and insect-induced gene expression, and resilience of at least one pKPI protein to digestion by herbivores.

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Stability of Plant Defense Proteins in the Gut of Insect Herbivores

Cited by 45 publications

References 82 publications

A petiole-galling insect herbivore decelerates leaf lamina litter decomposition rates

A petiole-galling insect herbivore decelerates leaf lamina litter decomposition rates

Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions

Poplar defense against insects: genome analysis, full‐length cDNA cloning, and transcriptome and protein analysis of the poplar Kunitz‐type protease inhibitor family

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