“…The cytotoxicity of NiO nanoparticles has been studied in non-mammalian systems [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], in mammalian cell culture [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and in rats [ 19 , 20 ]; however, the cell culture studies typically lack a breadth of materials and therefore cannot identify trends in how particle size or surface coating may be involved in particle cytotoxicity. In order to identify such trends, a range of NiO nanoparticles with varying physical–chemical properties is required, and it is critical to thoroughly characterize the materials using an array of surface and structural techniques.…”