Stability of exploratory eye movements as a marker of schizophrenia — a WHO multi-center study

Kojima, Tetsuhito; Matsushima, Eisuke; Ohta, Katsuya; Toru, Michio; Han, Yonghua; Shen, Yucun; Moussaoui, Driss; David, Isabel A.; Sato, Kojiro; Yamashita, Itaru; Kathmann, Norbert; Hippius, Hanns; Thavundayil, Joseph; Lal, Samarthji; Nair, N.P.V.; Potkin, Steven G.; Prilipko, L. L.

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00181-x

Cited by 68 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Changes in visual scan pattern was found in other studies indicating that eye movement properties are altered in schizophrenia patients 6,[11][12][13]23,24 and in their first-degree relatives 4 . Eye movement studies show that even in simple tasks, such as saccades directed to a target, the generation of eye movements is mediated by bottom-up sensorial processes and top-down complex cognitive processes.…”

Section: Analysis Of Eye Movementssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…To what extent this is due to medication remains unclear. Studies correlating eye movement properties, symptomatology and medication dose have shown discordant results 6,[11][12][13]23,28 . Controlled studies comparing the effects of risperidone and olanzapine have found a decrease in the mean length of the saccadic movements in schizophrenia patients compared to controls but no difference was found among patients due to the medication type 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies aim to identify physiological and cognitive dysfunction which are present before and during the onset of the disease to enable a creation of new instruments and procedures for differential diagnosis [3][4][5] . The analysis of the eye movement pattern is one of the researched procedures that showed a possibility to distinguish, with 89.0% sensitivity, patients with schizophrenia from those with other psychiatric diseases and from healthy subjects 6 . The basic properties of eye movements studied in schizophrenia are fixations and saccadic movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first one verifies the pattern of fixations regarding figures with different contents and the second one analyzes the dynamic properties of the saccadic movements in the smooth pursuit tasks 8 . The following parameters are analyzed in both approaches to describe the pattern of visual scanning: total number of fixations the subject accomplishes during the visual scanning of a stimulus, mean duration of fixations and length of saccadic movements 6 . Differences between patients with schizophrenia and controls have been identified in different tasks: smooth pursuit eye movements 3 , closed-eye movements 9 , and exploratory eye movements [10][11][12] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of exploratory eye movements in patients with schizophrenia during visual scanning of projective tests' figures

Lukášová

Zanin

Chucre

et al. 2010

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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reSumo objetivo: Comparar o padrão do movimento ocular durante a inspeção dos cartões dos testes projetivos Rorschach e TAT em pessoas com esquizofrenia e controles. método: Participaram 10 sujeitos com esquizofrenia e 10 controles, pareados por idade, escolaridade e nível de inteligência. A severidade dos sintomas foi avaliada com a Escala das Síndromes Positiva e Negativa. Os cartões dos testes foram divididos em três grupos: figuras do TAT representando ambientes, figuras do TAT com faces humanas e figuras abstratas do teste Rorschach. Os movimentos oculares foram analisados para: número total, duração e localização das fixações e comprimento dos movimentos sacádicos. resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças no padrão do movimento ocular, e pessoas com esquizofrenia apresentaram menos fixações nos cartões do teste Rorschach e TAT-faces. Maiores diferenças foram observadas nos cartões do Rorschach, seguidos pelo TAT-faces e, por último, TAT-ambiente. conclusões: Os resultados sugerem alteração nos mecanismos de exploração visual, possivelmente relacionada com a integração da informação visual abstrata.

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Section: Analysis Of Eye Movementssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Analysis of exploratory eye movements in patients with schizophrenia during visual scanning of projective tests' figures

Lukášová

Zanin

Chucre

et al. 2010

J. bras. psiquiatr.

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“…We and others [Kojima et al, 1990[Kojima et al, , 1992[Kojima et al, , 2001] have studied eye movement dysfunction using the exploratory eye movement (EEM) test and have shown that subjects with schizophrenia show abnormalities. We have also shown that the siblings of schizophrenics show EEM dysfunction [Takahashi et al, 2008].…”

Section: Eye Movement Dysfunction and Clinical Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of schizophrenia: Genetic and symptomatic factors

Takahashi

2013

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Schizophrenia may have etiological heterogeneity, and may reflect common symptomatology caused by many genetic and environmental factors. In this review, we show the potential existence of heterogeneity in schizophrenia based on the results of our previous studies. In our study of the NOTCH4 gene, there were no significant associations between any single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NOTCH4 and schizophrenia. However, exploratory analyses suggested that the SNP, rs3134928 may be associated with early-onset schizophrenia, and that rs387071 may be associated with schizophrenia characterized by negative symptoms. In our highly familial schizophrenia study, the African-American cohort without environmental exposure showed a possible linkage at marker 8p23.1 in the dominant model and in the European-American cohort, a marker at 22q13.32 showed a probable linkage in the recessive model. In the less familial schizophrenia families, these linkages were not shown. Based on our eye movement study, a putative subtype of schizophrenia with severe symptoms related to excitement/hostility, negative symptoms and disorganization may be associated with chromosome 22q11. We consider that a sample stratification approach may clarify the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Therefore, this approach may lead to a more straightforward way of identifying susceptibility genes of schizophrenia. Ó 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Key words: schizophrenia; heterogeneity; copy number variant; sample stratification approach INTRODUCTIONSchizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness with a prevalence of approximately 1%. Epidemiological studies of schizophrenia have shown that genetic components play an important role in the development of schizophrenia [Tsuang and Faraone, 1995;Tsuang, 2000]. Its heritability was estimated to be $80% [Sullivan et al., 2003]. However, the genetic etiology of schizophrenia is still unclear. One of the most important sources of conflict may be the potential etiological heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Many investigators have suggested that schizophrenia is not a single disease entity, but may reflect common symptomatology caused by many genetic and environmental factors [Tsuang et al., 1990;Tsuang and Faraone, 1995;Tsuang, 2000;Sawa and Snyder, 2002;Takahashi et al., 2005]. Since human diseases have a noticeable genetic heterogeneity [McClellan and King, 2010], when studying the genetic etiology of schizophrenia, heterogeneity should be part of the study design [Sebat et al., 2009].Recent copy member variant (CNV) studies also indicate the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Based on the findings of CNV studies, an understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of complex disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, has begun [Bassett et al., 2010]. Because results have shown a rare mutation with a large CNV effect and a common mutation with small/modest effect by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), schizophrenia may be characterized by much more genetic heterogeneity than was formerly thought [Sebat et al., 2009]. A micro...

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Significant linkage to chromosome 22q for exploratory eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia

Takahashi

Ohtsuki

et al. 2003

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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A genome-wide scan for a locus responsible for exploratory eye movement (EEM), which is quantitative and can be disturbed in association with schizophrenia, was performed. A 10-cM resolution genome-wide linkage analysis of the EEM disturbance with 358 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in 38 nuclear families with 122 members (38 probands, 47 sibs, and 37 parents) including 58 sib-pairs yielded the suggestive linkage to the GCT10C10 marker on chromosome 22q11.2 (LOD = 2.48). Dense mapping with additional markers around the GCT10C10 marker yielded evidence for significant linkage between EEM disturbance and markers D22S429 and D22S310 on chromosome 22q12.1 (LOD score of 4.63) with suggestive evidence for the chromosome region 22q11.2-q12.1. Our findings suggest that a relatively small number of loci may control the schizophrenia-related quantitative EEM trait. We believe that identifying gene(s) on chromosome 22q associated with the EEM phenotype may forward our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.

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Stability of exploratory eye movements as a marker of schizophrenia — a WHO multi-center study

Cited by 68 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of exploratory eye movements in patients with schizophrenia during visual scanning of projective tests' figures

Analysis of exploratory eye movements in patients with schizophrenia during visual scanning of projective tests' figures

Heterogeneity of schizophrenia: Genetic and symptomatic factors

Significant linkage to chromosome 22q for exploratory eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia

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