Stability of emotion‐modulated startle during short and long picture presentation

Larson, Christine L.; Ruffalo, Dante; Nietert, Jennifer Y.; Davidson, Richard J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00345.x

Cited by 45 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Arousal ratings may be lower in response to faces because emotional responses have waned due to extinction with frequent exposure to all kinds of emotional facial expressions in everyday life, without any consequences. Although extinction has been shown to reduce startle responses due to decreasing arousal (Larson et al, 2000(Larson et al, , 2005, we did observe the expected startle potentiation to angry expressions, but we did not find the expected attenuation in response to happy faces. This may indicate that under situations of low perceived arousal, the motivational system selectively supports potentially harmful stimuli, while appetitive behavior may only be initialized when strong reinforcers are present.…”

Section: Arousal Differences Between Scenes and Facescontrasting

confidence: 90%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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We examined if emotional faces elicit physiological responses similar to pictures of emotional scenes. Forty one students viewed emotional scenes (negative, neutral, and positive) and emotional faces (angry, neutral, and happy). Heart rate, orbicularis oculi and electrodermal activity were measured continuously, and the startle reflex was elicited. Although the patterns of valence and arousal ratings were comparable, physiological response patterns differed. For scenes we replicated the valence-specific modulation of the startle response, heart rate deceleration, and the arousal-related modulation of the electrodermal response. In contrast, for faces we found valence-specific modulation only for the electrodermal response, but the startle and heart rate deceleration were modulated by arousal. Although arousal differences may account for some differences in physiological responding this shows that not all emotional material that is decoded similarly leads to the same psychophysiological output.

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Section: Arousal Differences Between Scenes and Facescontrasting

confidence: 90%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…These findings are consistent with the idea that briefly-presented pictures engender affective responses. For instance, similar affective responses, including increased skin conductance responses and corrugator muscle activity, have been observed with brief stimuli (300-500 ms) and while viewing unpleasant pictures for longer (6 s) durations Larson et al, 2005). …”

Section: Unpleasant Stimuli and Sustained Task Interferencementioning

confidence: 66%

Sustained and transient modulation of performance induced by emotional picture viewing.

Pereira

Volchan

Souza

et al. 2006

Emotion

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We investigated how viewing task-irrelevant emotional pictures affects the performance of a subsequent non-emotional visual detection task. Subjects performed target-detection trials following the offset of individual unpleasant, pleasant and neutral pictures. Sustained interference occurred when subjects viewed blocked unpleasant pictures (mutilated bodies). Such slowing down of reaction time appeared to "build up" with time, consistent with the instatement of a defensive emotional state. With a randomized picture presentation, only a transient interference effect was observed, consistent with increased attentional demands during the processing of unpleasant pictures. During blocked presentation of affiliative pleasant pictures, reaction times were faster, suggesting the activation of appetitive motivational systems. Ultimately, both attentional and motivational systems are intricately tied in the brain and, together, determine behavior.The processing of emotional stimuli can have both advantageous and detrimental effects on behavioral performance in general, and response time (RT) in particular. For instance, subjects were faster at detecting fearful or threatening target faces relative to neutral ones

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“…As a further complication, the IAT may also be influenced by strategic processing (e.g., Rothermund and Wentura, 2004;Greenwald et al, 2005). Future research could use brief picture presentations that may reveal a more immediate affective response (Larson et al, 2005). Third, the estimated internal reliability of the startle-probe scores was low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Implicit attitudes to smoking are associated with craving and dependence

Waters

Carter

Robinson

et al. 2007

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to assess automatic affective responses to drug cues. Smokers (N = 57) completed the IAT at four experimental sessions. They abstained from smoking before two of the sessions (AB), and smoked normally before the other two sessions (NON). At one AB (and NON) session, they smoked a cigarette about 40 minutes before completing the IAT (S), and at the other they did not smoke (NS). Overall, participants exhibited a negative IAT effect, indicating that they found the classification task easier when smoking was paired with bad than when smoking was paired with good. Using repeated measures ANOVA, the IAT effect was made less negative by pre-session Abstinence, and made more negative by Smoking. It was most negative in the NON-S condition. Using Generalized Estimating Equations analyses, the IAT effect was positively associated with pre-task craving ratings assessed on the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief, but was not associated with a physiological measure of automatic affective responses (startles while viewing smoking vs. neutral pictures). The IAT effect was associated with scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. In sum, automatic affective responses assessed with the smoking IAT are associated with measures of smoking motivation and dependence.

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Stability of emotion‐modulated startle during short and long picture presentation

Cited by 45 publications

References 41 publications

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Sustained and transient modulation of performance induced by emotional picture viewing.

Implicit attitudes to smoking are associated with craving and dependence

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