Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I — Laboratory Testing Procedures

Adelstein, Peter Z.; Reilly, James M.; Nishimura, Douglas W.; Erbland, C. J.

doi:10.5594/j02284

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the first procedure (bag method), following moisture-conditioning, strips of film were incubated in two heat-sealed aluminium foil-polyethylene bags (17). Air was removed from the bags prior to sealing in order to maintain a high film-to-air volume ratio.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, other changes in the film properties will occur after the vinegar syndrome has been initiated. These include reduction in tensile strength or toughness due to degradation of the polymer (embrittlement), buckling of emulsion away from the base layer (shrinkage and channelling), and surface deposits caused by the migration of plasticiser (crystals or bubbles) (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Emissions of acetic acid from degraded CTA films have also been shown to induce vinegar syndrome in undegraded films stored nearby, lending cellulose acetate its reputation as a 'malignant' plastic (22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free acidity, determined by the millilitres of 0.1 M NaOH required to neutralise one gram of film base, is considered the most sensitive indicator of degradation in CTA film (31). Accelerated ageing experiments reveal that the free acidity in CTA film proceeds with an induction phase, where little change is observed over a period of time, followed by the so-called initiation of the vinegar syndrome, where the rate of change in free acidity increases dramatically (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, kinetic models of deacetylation in CTA film had been developed with the motivation to predict the time until the onset of the vinegar syndrome under different conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH) (33). These models assumed a constant rate of reaction during the induction phase, and did not take into account the catalytic effect of acetic acid (17,21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome

Ahmad

Cane²,

Townsend³

et al. 2020

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Among the earliest signs of degradation in cellulose triacetate cinematographic films is the generation of acetic acid due to hydrolytic deacetylation of the polymer, marked by an increase in the acidity of the films and emissions of acetic acid leading to a characteristic vinegar odour. We propose a mathematical model for predicting the onset of the vinegar syndrome which accounts for the autocatalytic effect of acetic acid on the deacetylation reaction. Model parameters are estimated from previously published experimental data from other research groups. These show free acidity changes in cellulose triacetate films subjected to accelerated ageing at temperatures of 70-100 °C. The model is validated against a different set of previously published experimental data of cellulose triacetate films aged at 21 °C and 35 °C, at 20, 35 and 50% relative humidity. The model demonstrates good quantitative agreement with the published experimental data. Predictions of film permanence at lower temperatures, similar to those present in the archives in which the films are typically stored, are made and compared with the predictions of film conservation guidelines. The results indicate that film permanence may be overestimated by existing guidelines, which do not account for autocatalysis in their modelling of the deacetylation rate. Our results suggest that cold storage, a common film conservation strategy, may be less effective at inhibiting degradation than previously thought. As cold storage typically requires film to be kept in confined spaces with limited air movement, conditions which promote autocatalysis, the inclusion of autocatalysis in our model is highly applicable to simulating this environment.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome

Ahmad

Cane²,

Townsend³

et al. 2020

Polymer Degradation and Stability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…7,8 However, the symptoms of deterioration, when it does occur, are rather different in the two film types. The amount of acetic acid that can be generated by degrading film is surprisingly large; expressing it in terms of teaspoonfuls of household vinegar, in advanced stages of deterioration there can be nine teaspoonfuls or more of vinegar for every four feet of 35mm movie film.…”

Section: Acetate Film and Vinegar Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Basic Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation

Reilly¹

2002

Microform &Amp; Imaging Review

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This article provides an overview of environmental specifications for film storage. It explains the relationship between temperature, relative humidity (RH), and ‘vinegar syndrome,’ the slow chemical decomposition of acetate plastics leading to loss of their value in a film collection. Its main purpose is to help collection managers evaluate the quality of the storage environment they provide for their film.

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Self‐regulation in a stochastic model of chemical self‐replication

Borri

d’Angelo

Palumbo

2022

Intl J Robust & Nonlinear

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In this article, we provide an analysis of noise propagation in a stochastic minimal model of chemical self-replication, where a given species can duplicate itself normally. A feedback from the end product on the source, acting as an inhibitor transcription factor, is considered. Stochasticity involves the intrinsic noise affecting gene expression, which is assumed to happen in bursts. The use of a stochastic approach is a novelty within such a framework. The investigation involves the role of the feedback: how it impacts noise attenuation with respect to different modeling choices of stochastic transcription, and with respect to different strengths of the feedback action. The quantification of noise propagation is measured by means of the so called metabolic noise, that is, the coefficient of variation of the end product. Computations are carried out numerically, according to the stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) properly adapted for the proposed stochastic hybrid systems, as well as analytically: the latter has been achieved by exploiting the linear approximation of the nonlinear terms involved, since otherwise there are no closed loop solutions for the first-and second-order moments. In such a way, noise propagation may be linked to the model parameters, with the SSA aiming at validating the approximated formulas. Results confirm the noise reduction paradigm with feedback.

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Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I — Laboratory Testing Procedures

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome

Are we overestimating the permanence of cellulose triacetate cinematographic films? A mathematical model for the vinegar syndrome

Basic Strategy for Acetate Film Preservation

Self‐regulation in a stochastic model of chemical self‐replication

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