Stability of bacitracin methylene disalicylate and chlortetracyline in combination in a pelleted pig feed

Watkins, S. E.; Waldroup, P. W.; Peters, J.; Desai, A. D.

doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00078-4

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, there is still a lot of uncertainty regarding the likelihood of correct administration of medicated feed or medicated drinking water [2]. For antimicrobial treatment to be efficacious, several parameters play a crucial role: the choice of the medicine, the homogeneity and stability of the drug in feed or water [6,7], the dose ingested by the individual animal, and drug factors that affect whether or not the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoint is reached [8]. Noticeably, high variability in plasma concentrations is observed in individual pigs after the provision of medicated feed [9,10] and drinking water [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods include either mixing by the compound feed manufacturer, or by the farmer using a dosing device on the feeding line in the case of medicated feed, or through a drinking water tank or using an electrical or mechanical dosing pump for medicated drinking water [2]. Also, the duration that the medicated feed/drinking water remains in each stage of the production process can influence the homogeneity and stability due to a.o., temperature, humidity level, pH of the solution, light exposure, segregation [7] and degradation of medicines [18,19]. For drinking water medication, the solubility of the medication [20], the water quality [21,22], and the possible use of additives [23] are also important for homogeneity and stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The homogeneity and stability of the drug in medicated feed and medicated drinking water must be assured until the moment of intake by the animals. The residual concentrations or in other words the remaining concentrations of the antimicrobial drug in feed or water after the end of treatment, and the homogeneity and stability of medicated feed and medicated drinking water is likely to be influenced by a) the methods used for preparing, transporting, and storing medicated feed and drinking water [25], b) the materials used to construct the feed and drinking water pipelines and their design [26][27][28][29], c) the number of treatment days [7], d) the pharmaceutical formulation used [30,31], and e) the cleaning protocol of the pipelines [2]. Human errors when preparing and administering the medication may also occur if the medication is prepared at the farm instead of bought from a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-certified feed manufacturer [32,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Qualitative risk assessment of homogeneity, stability, and residual concentrations of antimicrobials in medicated feed and drinking water in pig rearing

et al. 2023

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Background Despite the common use of oral group treatment in pig rearing, the magnitude of the factors influencing the homogeneity and stability of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and medicated drinking water are largely unknown, as well as the residual concentrations of the drugs after the end of the treatment. Results This study presents a qualitative risk assessment to estimate the magnitude of the risks for reduced homogeneity and stability, and increased residual concentrations of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and drinking water on the farm. Risk assessment was done using a questionnaire and farm visits (n = 52), combined with a second questionnaire, and concentrations of amoxicillin and doxycycline measured in medicated feed and water samples, each collected on 10 farms. For medicated feed, the duration of storage in the silo did not show to influence the concentration levels in a consistent trend, while the treatment duration had a low to negligible effect. A moderate to high risk was found caused by human error when preparing the medicated feed on the farm. Purchased medicated feed greatly reduces the risk of human error and drugs remain stable during the duration of treatment, while the risk of residual concentrations after the end of the treatment was estimated to be low to moderate. The feed intake variability was identified as a moderate to high risk factor. For medicated drinking water, the type of dosing pump, age of pre-solution, and human errors during the preparation of the pre-solution present a moderate to high risk on homogeneity and stability. Precipitation of the active substance in the absence of a stirrer in a drinking water tank was shown to be a low to moderate risk factor for residues after treatment. Waterline length had a weak correlation with the concentrations of the antimicrobials, while a moderate to high influence was detected for the water intake by the pigs. Conclusions A considerable variation in drug concentration in both medicated feed and medicated drinking water was detected depending on their preparation. Therefore, it is important to know which factors influence the homogeneity and stability, and the residual concentrations after treatment.

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