Stability, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquid as Catalyst for Industrial C4 Alkylation

Abstract

Alkylation of isobutane and 2-butene was carried out in a continuous unit using triethylamine hydrochloride (Et 3 NHCl)-aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) ionic liquid (IL) as catalyst. The effects of impurities such as water, methanol, and diethyl ether on the stability of the catalytic properties and deactivation of the ionic liquid were studied in the continuous alkylation. In the Et 3 NHCl-2AlCl 3 ionic liquid, only one half of the aluminum chloride could act as the active site. With a molar ratio of 1:1, the active aluminum chloride in the ionic liquid was deactivated by water by reaction or by diethyl ether through complexation while the complexation of aluminum chloride with two molecular proportions of methanol inactivated the active aluminum chloride in the ionic liquid. The deactivation of chloroaluminate ionic liquid was observed when the active aluminum chloride, i.e., one half of the total aluminum chloride in the ionic liquid, was consumed completely. The regeneration of the deactivated ionic liquid was also investigated and the catalytic activity could be recovered by means of replenishment with fresh aluminum chloride.

Chemical deactivation of titanosilicate catalysts caused by propylene oxide in the HPPO process

“…In stage A, the micropore volume changes greatly, while the TON only has a little change. This indicates that the blockage is the main cause of the lower catalytic activity during this phase, 30,79 which is assigned to the physical deactivation. In stage B, the micropore volume has a little change, while the TON changes greatly.…”

“…Particularly, the curve composed of stages B and C conforms to the inactivation curve caused by selective poisoning. 79 To quantify the deactivation, we tested the behavior of Ti-MWW and Ti-MWW-I-IV in the epoxidation of 1-hexene at different times (Fig. S7 †).…”

Gallium(III)- and Indium(III)-Containing Ionic Liquids as Highly Active Catalysts in Organic Synthesis

“…The ILs based on Al(III) are excellent catalysts that have proven to be efficient in numerous reactions, providing high conversions, yields and selectivities. They are used in processes, such as alkylation [ 47 , 48 , 49 ], acylation [ 50 ], cycloaddition [ 51 ], esterification [ 52 ], oligomerization [ 53 , 54 , 55 ] and many other chemical transformations [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Some of them have even been implemented in the chemical industry [ 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”