Stability and Specificity of Counterfeit Protection System Code

Abstract

In this study, the stability and specificity of a counterfeit protection system (CPS) code were determined. This research involved an analysis of a counterfeit protection system code unit over time using the pattern location measurement method. We collected 379 sample sheets from 196 printers or photocopiers, covering 14 original brands, including 129 models. There was an interval of at least two months between the collections of samples from each machine. Four types of characteristics were established: CPS pattern unit, distance of the CPS unit, position of dots, size and shape of the dot. Except for the partial changes in the Xerox brand, no other brand exhibited changes over time. This implies that the CPS characteristics are stable. Meanwhile, no correlation was noted between the combinations of the characteristic systems in the collected samples, which implied strong specificity.

Interpol questioned documents review 2019–2022

“…Determination of printing technology may be used to confirm or refute links between devices, and even owners and places of production of documents, and so forms another problem set for study comprising four textbooks [ [441] , [442] , [443] , [444] ]. The following subsection on Conventional Printing comprises 26 articles [ [445] , [446] , [447] , [448] , [449] , [450] , [451] , [452] , [453] , [454] , [455] , [456] , [457] , [458] , [459] , [460] , [461] , [462] , [463] , [464] , [465] , [466] ], while the subsection entitled 3D Printing includes six textbooks [ [467] , [468] , [469] , [470] , [471] , [472] ] and four articles [ [473] , [474] , [475] , [476] ]. There are 23 conference presentations added in reference only [ [477] , [478] , [479] , [480] , [481] , [482] , [483] , [484] , [485] , [486] , [487] , [488] , [489] , [490] , [491] , [492] , [493] , [494] , [495] , [496] , [497] , [498] , [499...…”

“…In this study, Li et al [ 456 ] determined the stability and specificity of a counterfeit protection system (CPS) code. This research involved the analysis of a counterfeit protection system code unit over time using the pattern location measurement method.…”

“…As previously stated, the reference section for printing technologies includes many references [ [441] , [442] , [443] , [444] , [445] , [446] , [447] , [448] , [449] , [450] , [451] , [452] , [453] , [454] , [455] , [456] , [457] , [458] , [459] , [460] , [461] , [462] , [463] , [464] , [465] , [466] , [467] , [468] , [469] , [470] , [471] , [472] , [473] , [474] , [475] , [476] , [477] , [478] , [479] , [480] , [481] , [482] , [483] , [484] , [485] , [486] , [487] , [488] , [489] , [490] , [491] , [492] , [493] , [494] , [495] , [496] , [497] , [498] , [499] , [500] , [501] , [502] ].…”

Local Polar Pattern for Source Color Laser Printer Identification

“…Reported by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EEF), the CPS has been implemented by almost all brands of color laser printers at the firmware level [14]. More importantly, the stability and specificity of the CPS code have been proved [15]. Therefore, forensic scientists began to use this tracing code to solve crimes [16].…”