Stability and Performance of Nanostructured Perovskites for Light‐Harvesting Applications

Abstract

transitions between those occurring upon heating. The most-studied compound, methylammonium lead trihalide, features an optical bandgap between 1.5 and 2.3 eV depending on the halide content. After combining the perovskite compound as active material with Spiro-MeOTAD as solid-state hole-transporting medium, excellent device performances have been demonstrated with ever increasing efficiencies. [8] Recent work on alternative halide perovskites have shown high photovoltaic conversion efficiencies that indicate the perspective of surmounting 30% of efficiency by a single-junction solar cell. In fact, even approaching the Shockley-Quaisser-limit for a single-junction direct bandgap photo voltaic cell was reported to be within the reach of perovskite solar cells. [9,10] Thus, with the strong absorption of radiation in the solar spectrum, a low nonradiative carrier recombination rate and the intrinsic selforganization potential of perovskite compounds that renders them easy to fabricate by different methods ranging from wet chemistry to vapor deposition, the obvious question seems: why is the perovskite solar cell not yet on the market?Unfortunately, the perovskite material itself faces intrinsic problems concerning its stability against ultraviolet radiation and, specifically, concerning its limited service life time and rapid degradation in environments containing moisture. Additionally, for the prototypical methylammonium lead trihalide, the lead content naturally raises questions concerning environmental issues. Moreover, changing for a new material for producing solar cells or modules presents a high barrier in itself, as seen for the past 30 years of development of materials and approaches for energy harvesting that are alternative to Si-based technologies.Based on the properties of halide perovskite materials, on the environmental and boundary conditions given by the integration into a photovoltaic cell and on the requirements set by the producers of commercial devices, the following issues seem prevalent and shall be addressed in this article: -Thin film deposition is required for cost-efficient furbishing of tandem solar cells that can be combined with Si technologies. -The service life time and stability in natural environments including the presence of moisture need to be enhanced, particularly for thin films. -The production method needs to have scale-up potential.Halide perovskites in general and organometal-halide perovskites in particular have become an intensely researched topic due their excellent optical properties, cheap production costs, and easy fabrication procedures. A high absorption coefficient, paired with a direct bandgap and a wide variety of accessible deposition method, makes these perovskites an excellent materials class for use in a plethora of applications, ranging from solar cells to light-emitting diodes, and image sensors with architectures of varying length scales ranging from simple thin-film solid-state solar cells to highly ordered nanostructured solar cells and sensors. A downs...

Stability enhancement of lead‐free CsSnI3 perovskite photodetector with reductive ascorbic acid additive

“…Organic‐inorganic lead (Pb) halide perovskite is considered as a promising candidate for photoelectric conversion materials due to its highly attractive photoelectric properties . However, the toxicity of Pb and the instability of organic components severely limit its practical applications and commercialization.…”

Large-Area Heterojunction Photodetectors Based on Nanometer-Thick CH3NH3PbI3 Films Modified with Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanofilms

“…1,2 Recently, organic−inorganic hybrid perovskite MAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanomaterials have been observed to show promising prospect in photoelectric detectors due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties of high light absorption, tunable band gap, long diffusion length, large mobility, and low recombination rate of carriers. 3,4 Moreover, the solution processing synthesis of perovskite materials is facile and low cost, 5 which is very suitable for sustainable and industrial production. Till now, although many different kinds of perovskite PDs (perovskite polycrystalline thin-film PD, perovskite single-crystal PD, perovskite quantum dot PD, and perovskite nanowire PD) have been successfully prepared and observed to exhibit outstanding photoresponses and broad response spectra, the devices are mainly fabricated based on the simple geometries usually with microscale working sizes, the performances are still unsatisfactory, and the modulation methods are also very limited.…”

“…Among various optoelectronic systems or devices, photodetectors (PDs) have attracted essential interest for their great potential applications in many different fields, e.g., biological imaging, space detection, environment monitoring, and optical communication. , Recently, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite MAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanomaterials have been observed to show promising prospect in photoelectric detectors due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties of high light absorption, tunable band gap, long diffusion length, large mobility, and low recombination rate of carriers. , Moreover, the solution processing synthesis of perovskite materials is facile and low cost, which is very suitable for sustainable and industrial production. Till now, although many different kinds of perovskite PDs (perovskite polycrystalline thin-film PD, perovskite single-crystal PD, perovskite quantum dot PD, and perovskite nanowire PD) have been successfully prepared and observed to exhibit outstanding photoresponses and broad response spectra, the devices are mainly fabricated based on the simple geometries usually with microscale working sizes, the performances are still unsatisfactory, and the modulation methods are also very limited. − To solve these issues, constructing nanometer-thick perovskite heterojunctions is considered as a promising method. , In particular, different from the single-perovskite PD, a desirable built-in field, which is beneficial to the quick transport and separation of photoexcited electron–hole pairs, is produced in the heterojunction .…”

Dynamical properties of organo lead-halide perovskites and their interfaces to titania: insights from Density Functional Theory

“…However, recently, Koliogiorgos et al have made impressive progress in applying both groundstate and time-dependent DFT towards cuboid-like perovskite quantum dots (QD), studying optical spectra and band-gap properties [41]. The difficulties of DFT's O(N 3 ) scaling in handling nano-structured systems' sizes is mirrored by challenges in their laboratory synthesis [42]. Study of the nano-structures of perovskites is both an emergent and exciting area; a good review providing an in-depth outlook on nanoscale perovskite solar cells is ref.…”