Stability and characterization of O/W free phytosterols nanoemulsions formulated with an enzymatically modified emulsifier

Acevedo-Estupiñan, Maria Victoria; Gutiérrez‐López, Gustavo F.; Cano-Sarmiento, Cynthia; Parra-Escudero, Carlos Omar; Rodríguez‐Estrada, Maria Teresa; García-Varela, Rebeca; Garcı́a, Hugo S.

doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.004

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…A NE was prepared using a 10:1 ratio of emulsifier:phytosterols. The NE prepared with LPC was less stable, despite its higher water affinity, than the NE prepared with PC [132].…”

Section: Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 84%

Nanoemulsions: Factory for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics

et al. 2019

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Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), have gained increasing interest from researchers throughout the years. The small-sized droplet with a high surface area makes NEs important in many industries. In this review article, the components, properties, formation, and applications are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages are also described in this article. The formation of the nanosized emulsion can be divided into two types: high and low energy methods. In high energy methods, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonic emulsification are described thoroughly. Spontaneous emulsification, phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and the less known D-phase emulsification (DPE) methods are emphasized in low energy methods. The applications of NEs are described in three main areas which are food, cosmetics, and drug delivery.

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“…A NE was prepared using a 10:1 ratio of emulsifier:phytosterols. The NE prepared with LPC was less stable, despite its higher water affinity, than the NE prepared with PC [132].…”

Section: Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 84%

Nanoemulsions: Factory for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics

et al. 2019

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“…Chuanxun et al [ 360 ] proved the reduction of oxidation degradation of phytosterols caused during storage by using nanoemulsions while Acevedo-Estupiñan et al [ 361 ] prepared phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine nanoemulsions incorporating phytosterols and achieved the increase of their chemical stability as well as their water solubility. Borba et al [ 362 ] prepared β-carotene nanoemulsions by high-pressure homogenization, with an average size of 300 nm [ 362 ]. The formulations exhibited increased encapsulation efficiency and stability against droplet coalescence upon storage under different conditions.…”

Section: Organic-based Delivery Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications

Kyriakoudi

Spanidi²,

Mourtzinos

et al. 2021

Plants

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Plants constitute a rich source of diverse classes of valuable phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids) with proven biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc.). However, factors such as low stability, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In this regard, a wide range of delivery systems have been developed to increase the stability of plant-derived bioactive compounds upon processing, storage or under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, to enhance their solubility, to mask undesirable flavors as well as to efficiently deliver them to the target tissues where they can exert their biological activity and promote human health. In the present review, the latest advances regarding the design of innovative delivery systems for pure plant bioactive compounds, extracts or essential oils, in order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, are presented. Moreover, a broad spectrum of applications along with future trends are critically discussed.

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“…Two major formulation strategies can be adopted to prevent or minimize the generation of POPs, namely (i) the formulation of phytosterols in a suitable delivery system [ 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ] and (ii) the addition of antioxidants to the phytosterol formulation [ 78 , 79 ].…”

Section: Possible Formulation Strategies To Prevent the Formation mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Strategies to Analyze the Oxidation Products of Phytosterols, and Formulation-Based Approaches to Reduce Their Generation

2021

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Phytosterols are a class of lipid molecules present in plants that are structurally similar to cholesterol and have been widely utilized as cholesterol-lowering agents. However, the susceptibility of phytosterols to oxidation has led to concerns regarding their safety and tolerability. Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) present in a variety of enriched and non-enriched foods can show pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is crucial to screen and analyze various phytosterol-containing products for the presence of POPs and ultimately design or modify phytosterols in such a way that prevents the generation of POPs and yet maintains their pharmacological activity. The main approaches for the analysis of POPs include the use of mass spectrometry (MS) linked to a suitable separation technique, notably gas chromatography (GC). However, liquid chromatography (LC)-MS has the potential to simplify the analysis due to the elimination of any derivatization step, usually required for GC-MS. To reduce the transformation of phytosterols to their oxidized counterparts, formulation strategies can theoretically be adopted, including the use of microemulsions, microcapsules, micelles, nanoparticles, and liposomes. In addition, co-formulation with antioxidants, such as tocopherols, may prove useful in substantially preventing POP generation. The main objectives of this review article are to evaluate the various analytical strategies that have been adopted for analyzing them. In addition, formulation approaches that can prevent the generation of these oxidation products are proposed.

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Stability and characterization of O/W free phytosterols nanoemulsions formulated with an enzymatically modified emulsifier

Cited by 34 publications

References 48 publications

Nanoemulsions: Factory for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics

Nanoemulsions: Factory for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics

Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications

Analytical Strategies to Analyze the Oxidation Products of Phytosterols, and Formulation-Based Approaches to Reduce Their Generation

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