St. Louis Encephalitis: The Chicago Experience

Zweighaft, Ronald M.; Rasmussen, Colette M.; Brolnitsky, O; Lashof, Joyce C.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1979.28.114

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…From this infected group 66 clinical cases of SLE were identified, of which five were fatal (Joshua 1979). This fatality rate of 7.6% was similar to that of 8% found in Chicago during the 1975 outbreak (Zweighaft et al . 1979).…”

Section: Statessupporting

confidence: 85%

A manual on guidelines for the control of arboviral encephalitides in Canada

Canada¹

1990

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Section: Statessupporting

confidence: 85%

A manual on guidelines for the control of arboviral encephalitides in Canada

Canada¹

1990

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“…The majority of cases (635 of 884, 72%) occurred in Cook County (attack rate ‫ס‬ 11.8 per 100,000 population; Figure 1 and Table 3). The highest attack rates within Cook County were found in the southern and northern regions of the county, particularly Evergreen Park and Oak Lawn (previously cited as areas with the highest attack rates during the 1975 SLE outbreak) 7 and Evanston and Skokie (Table 4). However, the largest number of cases was reported from the city of Chicago (225 cases) ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Cook County was the most highly affected area during both outbreaks, with 72% (attack rate ‫ס‬ 11.8 per 100,000 population) of WNV cases in 2002 and 50% (attack rate ‫ס‬ 5.3 per 100,000 population) of SLE cases in 1975. 7 Because WNV and SLE virus amplify in similar avian hosts and mosquito vectors, 14,27 the regional and local epidemiologic patterns of transmission traced in Illinois during these major outbreaks appear to reflect a temporal and spatial in- teraction of vectors, hosts, and pathogen populations modulated by meteorologic and ecologic factors. 28 Vector competency, vector abundance, vector infection rate, and rate of vector-host contact are primary determinants of arboviral transmission.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of West Nile Virus During a Large Outbreak in Illinois in 2002

Huhn

Austin

Langkop

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In 2002, the world's largest outbreak of neuroinvasive West Nile virus (WNV) disease occurred. Illinois reported 21% of the total cases in the United States, the most among all states. The epidemiology of WNV in Illinois in 2002 was examined to determine factors associated with severe disease and death. A total of 884 cases were identified and there were 66 deaths. The overall attack rate of WNV infection was 7.1 per 100,000 population and this increased with age. The median ages of patients and patients who died were 56 and 78 years, respectively. Among patients who died, 91% were diagnosed with encephalitis and the case-fatality rate for patients with encephalitis was 18.6%. Patients more than 50 years old had a significantly higher risk of being reported with encephalitis (relative risk [RR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6-4.3%) and death (RR = 22.3, 95% CI = 5.5-90.4%). Clinicians evaluating elderly patients with WNV infection should assess patients closely for progression of disease.

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“…pipiens mosquitoes feed selectively on certain avian hosts and avoid others, and whether these potential variations affected WNV transmission patterns in a known focus of arbovirus transmission. [32][33][34] By incorporating measures of host selection based upon assessment of host availability, we tested whether American robins are overused relative to other common species. Furthermore, we examined whether temporal patterns reflect a shift in feeding preferences from birds to mammals coincident with the onset of human WNV cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Selection by Culex pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification

Hamer

Kitron

Goldberg

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

327

408

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Recent field studies have suggested that the dynamics of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission are influenced strongly by a few key super spreader bird species that function both as primary blood hosts of the vector mosquitoes (in particular Culex pipiens) and as reservoir-competent virus hosts. It has been hypothesized that human cases result from a shift in mosquito feeding from these key bird species to humans after abundance of the key birds species decreases. To test this paradigm, we performed a mosquito blood meal analysis integrating host-feeding patterns of Cx. pipiens, the principal vector of WNV in the eastern United States north of the latitude 36 degrees N and other mosquito species with robust measures of host availability, to determine host selection in a WNV-endemic area of suburban Chicago, Illinois, during 2005-2007. Results showed that Cx. pipiens fed predominantly (83%) on birds with a high diversity of species used as hosts (25 species). American robins (Turdus migratorius) were marginally overused and several species were underused on the basis of relative abundance measures, including the common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Culex pipiens also fed substantially on mammals (19%; 7 species with humans representing 16%). West Nile virus transmission intensified in July of both years at times when American robins were heavily fed upon, and then decreased when robin abundance decreased, after which other birds species were selected as hosts. There was no shift in feeding from birds to mammals coincident with emergence of human cases. Rather, bird feeding predominated when the onset of the human cases occurred. Measures of host abundance and competence and Cx. pipiens feeding preference were combined to estimate the amplification fractions of the different bird species. Predictions were that approximately 66% of WNV-infectious Cx. pipiens became infected from feeding on just a few species of birds, including American robins (35%), blue jays (17%, Cyanocitta cristata), and house finches (15%, Carpodacus mexicanus).

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St. Louis Encephalitis: The Chicago Experience

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

A manual on guidelines for the control of arboviral encephalitides in Canada

A manual on guidelines for the control of arboviral encephalitides in Canada

The Emergence of West Nile Virus During a Large Outbreak in Illinois in 2002

Host Selection by Culex pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification

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