Sr2+ doping to enhanced energy-storage properties of (Na0.5Bi0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics

Are lead-free relaxor ferroelectric materials the most promising candidates for energy storage capacitors?

“…As a consequence, a nearly hysteresis-free polarization response was observed in PNRs based systems [114]. To further improve the W r of BNT ceramics by inducing relaxor behavior, new types of dopants and binary/ternary solutions strategies were introduced [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131]. Zannen et al, studied the energy storage properties of Na 1/2 (Bi 0.98 Gd 0.02 ) 1/2 TiO 3 and reported an W r of 0.85 J/cm 3 , at 60 kV/cm, with an η 90 %.…”

“…The incorporation of the nonvolatile Gd 3+ compensate the ferroelectric hysteresis loss and improved the relaxor behavior by reducing the number of oxygen vacancies, which are eventually created due to the highly volatile Bi and/or Na elements [115]. Besides, different dopants like Ba, Sr, or Sn, were introduced to improve the energy storage performance through enhancing the relaxor behavior [116][117][118]. On the other hand, (1-x)Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 -xBaSnO 3 (BNT-BSN) binary solution exhibited a W r 1.91 J/cm 3 at 190 kV/cm.…”