Square-wave voltammetry of human blood serum

Abstract

A study on voltammetric analysis of blood serum diluted in a phosphate buffer is presented using advanced square-wave voltammetry at an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. The results demonstrate that even in a complex medium like human blood serum, electrochemical characterization can be achieved through the use of advanced voltammetric techniques in conjunction with an appropriate commercially available electrode, such as the edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode, which boosts superior electrocatalytic properties. Without undergoing any chemical treatment of the serum sample, the square-wave voltammetry technique reveals, for the first time, the electrode reactions of uric acid, bilirubin, and albumin in a single experiment, as represented by well-defined, separated, and intense voltammetric signals. All electrode processes are surface-confined, indicating that the edge plane sites of the electrode serve as an ideal platform for the competitive adsorption of electroactive species, despite the extensive chemical complexity of the serum samples. The speed and differential nature of square-wave voltammetry are crucial for obtaining an outstanding resolution of the voltammetric peaks, maintaining the quasi-reversible nature of the underlying electrode processes, while reducing the impact of follow-up chemical reactions that are coupled to the initial electron transfer for all three detected species, and minimizing fouling of the electrode surface.

Visionary figures in the field of electrochemistry who revolutionized voltammetry

“…Despite being among the younger cohort of electrochemists, Valentin Mirčeski's significant contributions in both theory and application, notably through the utilization of square-wave voltammetry, have positioned him as one of the foremost individuals in elevating voltammetry to new heights. Born [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] His papers boast coauthors numbering over 200 individuals from around the globe, a testament to his openness to scientific collaboration. Having undertaken numerous research stays at prestigious institutions such as the University of Prague (Czech Republic), University of Greifswald (Germany), University of Saarland (Germany), University of Brest (France), University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), University of Zagreb (Croatia), University of Belgrade and University of Niš (Serbia), the University of Cluj (Romania), and University of Leipzig (Germany), he is currently engaged in multiple projects at the University of Lódź (Poland), where he also works as a professor.…”

“…Additionally, together with his group, he has made remarkable contributions by developing simple electrochemical sensors capable of detecting important biomolecules directly in human blood serum. 100 Furthermore, he has devised ingenious voltammetric protocols for assessing the redox status of specific types of mouse cells. He has made significant contributions to understanding the kinetics and thermodynamics of processes occurring at three-phase electrodes 81,98,99 by introducing numerous novel theories and innovative experimental protocols in the process.…”

Application of Biosensors in Detecting Breast Cancer Metastasis

“…SWV is a technique where a series of forward and reverse pulse signals (each with a consistent duration and applied at a specific frequency) are overlaid on top of a potentiator's staircase linear scan. The subtraction of current between the forward and reverse pulses results in a differential current curve, enhancing measurement sensitivity [63].…”

Perspective—Advances in Voltammetric Methods for the Measurement of Biomolecules

“…This technique has left a lasting effect on pharmacy, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, and the life sciences. 1 It offers valuable insights into electron and ion transfer processes, as well as kinetic and mechanistic aspects through straightforward experiments, thanks to its cost-effective instrumentation. 1 The application of a voltage changes the sensor surface to intersect with the molecules’ redox reactions and current generation at specified energy levels.…”