Spy in the sky: a method to identify pregnant small cetaceans

Abstract

Data on sex ratios, age classes, reproductive success and health status are key metrics to manage populations, yet can be difficult to collect in wild cetacean populations. Long-term individual-based studies provide a unique opportunity to apply unoccupied aerial system (UAS) photogrammetry to non-invasively measure body morphometrics of individuals with known life history information. The aims of this study were (1) to compare length measurements from UAS photogrammetry with laser photogrammetry and (2) to explore whether UAS measurements of body width could be used to remotely determine pregnancy status, sex or age class in a well-studied bottlenose dolphin population in Scotland. We carried out five boat-based surveys in July and August 2017, with concurrent photo-identification, UAS and laser photogrammetry. Photographs were measured using bespoke programmes, MorphMetriX for UAS photos and a Zooniverse project for laser photos. In total 64 dolphins were identified using photo-ID, 54 of which had concurrent UAS body length and 47 with laser body length measurements. We also measured body widths at 10% increments from 10% to 90% of body length for 48 individuals of known sex, age class and/or pregnancy status. There was no significant difference in the length of individuals measured with UAS and laser photogrammetry. Discriminant analyses of the body width-length (WL) ratios expected to change during pregnancy, correctly assigned pregnancy status for 14 of the 15 females of known pregnancy status. Only one pregnant female was incorrectly assigned as not pregnant. However, our results showed that length and body width cannot accurately allocate these bottlenose dolphins to sex or age class using photogrammetry techniques alone. The present study illustrates that UAS and laser photogrammetry measurements are comparable for small cetaceans and demonstrates that UAS measurements of body WL ratio can accurately assign pregnancy status in bottlenose dolphins.

Computer vision‐assisted photogrammetry and one‐image 3D modeling in marine mammals

“…Aerial photogrammetry has gained increasing popularity in the studies of aquatic megafauna to estimate their size, volume, and mass, which are vital parameters to assess health and nutritional status for conservation management (e.g., blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus , by Durban et al, 2016; manta ray, Mobula alfredi , by Setyawan et al, 2022; whale sharks, Rhincodon typus , by Whitehead et al, 2022; sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea , by Schofield et al, 2019). Many cetaceans occur in large pods, with individuals changing positions in the frame throughout a single drone flight (Cheney et al, 2022; Durban et al, 2015; Fearnbach et al, 2018; Fiori et al, 2017; Laborie et al, 2021). It is, therefore, more challenging to analyze an image containing multiple individuals and more effort is needed to identify each individual and measure each individual's morphometrics.…”

Dolphin social phenotypes vary in response to food availability but not the North Atlantic Oscillation index

“…On average, in a group 84% are successfully photographed, and all individual identifications are confirmed by at least two experienced researchers. For individuals first sighted as calves we could determine their year of birth and so their age (Cheney et al 2022), but for individuals first sighted as juveniles or adults their exact age is unknown. Sex was determined using genital photographs or if an adult was seen in repeat associations with a known calf (Cheney et al 2022).…”

“…For individuals first sighted as calves we could determine their year of birth and so their age [46], but for individuals first sighted as juveniles or adults their exact age is unknown. Sex was determined using genital photographs or if an adult was seen in repeat associations with a known calf [46].…”

Downsized: gray whales using an alternative foraging ground have smaller morphology

“…Photo-identification and re-sighting histories of individuals over time provide estimates of age from date of first sighting [15,[19][20][21][22]. Aerial, underwater and laser photogrammetry provide opportunities for non-invasive length measurements of live cetaceans [23][24][25][26][27][28]. In particular, the recent proliferation of drones (unoccupied aircraft systems, UAS) provides an accessible alternative for aerial photogrammetry compared to crewed aircraft [29][30][31].…”