Sputum pentraxin 3 as a candidate to assess airway inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma

Kim, Min Jung; Lee, Hee Seon; Sol, In Suk; Kim, Seung Up; Hong, Jung Yeon; Lee, Jun Young; Kim, Yoon Hee; Kim, Kyung Won; Sohn, Myung Hyun; Kim, Kyu-Earn

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005677

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…The effect of the CdCl 2 treatment on fi lm texture was previously reviewed in detail by Kim et al, [ 26 ] who took θ -2 θ scans during the annealing stage as the temperature was gradually ramped from room temperature to 500 °C. This study revealed two key stages of the recrystallization process: First, an increase in the {111} peak from 300 to 375 °C (stage 1), and then a rapid Table 1.…”

Section: Microstructural Properties Of Treated Cdte Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 27 ] Elsewhere, Kim et al [ 26 ] interpreted the evolution of XRD peaks for different sets of planes as a function of temperature as being a result of Adv. [ 27 ] Elsewhere, Kim et al [ 26 ] interpreted the evolution of XRD peaks for different sets of planes as a function of temperature as being a result of Adv.…”

Section: Microstructural Properties Of Treated Cdte Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

Williams

Major

Bowen

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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either by vapor deposition [ 5,8,10,11 ] or by drop-casting of a CdCl 2 /methanol solution (also used for CdTe nanoparticle solar cells), [ 7,[12][13][14] followed by an air-anneal at temperatures of ≈370-450 °C. While CdTe (as well as CdS) is a highly stable compound and is insoluble in water, the use of water-soluble CdCl 2 in the industrial production of CdTe modules may pose an environmental risk. Recently however, a breakthrough study demonstrated the direct replacement of the toxic (and costly) CdCl 2 with the nontoxic and cheap alternative, MgCl 2 , with no detriment to device performance. [ 15 ] Subsequently, both ZnCl 2[ 16 ] and NH 4 Cl [ 17 ] have also been shown to be potentially suitable alternatives. Interestingly, the use of other salts including NaCl, MnCl 2 , KCl, and HCl was signifi cantly less successful in terms of producing high effi ciencies. [ 15 ] Importantly, these recent studies have reopened a critical parameter space within the fabrication process. In order to accelerate process development, fundamental material studies are now required to investigate the relative effectiveness of different chloride compounds in inducing the desired materials changes in a CdTe thin-fi lm device stack. Moreover, by correlating such studies with the respective device performances, further improvements are anticipated. Reports of desirable materials changes associated with CdCl 2 activation include: Recrystallization and grain growth of CdTe [18][19][20] and CdS [ 5,21 ] fi lms (for minimization of stress and to reduce the density of deleterious defects), p-type doping of CdTe, [ 2,6,8,15 ] S/Te interdiffusion, [ 22,23 ] and grain boundary passivation. [ 5,24 ] However, such reports are often contradictory in terms of identifying which of these is most beneficial in improving effi ciency. [ 25 ] In this work, CdTe solar cell stacks (i.e., CdTe/CdS/ZnO/ SnO 2 /glass) treated with CdCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, and NH 4 Cl were subjected to extensive X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies, with the critical aim being to distinguish the reasons as to why CdCl 2 and MgCl 2 treatments can yield higher effi ciencies than NH 4 Cl and, in particular, NaCl. The device performances, reported elsewhere, [ 15,17 ] for each of these Cl treatments, as well as those following MnCl 2 -and KCl treatments, This work presents the fi rst systematic comparison of the effects of a range of chlorides (CdCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, and NH 4 Cl) on the microstructure and chemical composition of CdTe/CdS/ZnO/SnO 2 solar cells, providing valuable insight to the ubiquitous Cl-activation process. Using X-ray diffraction, it is shown that CdCl 2 induces the greatest extent of recrystallization (standard deviation of texture coeffi cients, σ , reduces from 0.93 for as-grown CdTe to 0.43) and minimizing stress (from 178 MPa for as-grown material to zero). MgCl 2 treatment also yields signifi cant randomization of the CdTe texture ( σ = 0.55) but NaCl treatment does not ( σ = 1....

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Section: Microstructural Properties Of Treated Cdte Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructural Properties Of Treated Cdte Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

Williams

Major

Bowen

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Circulating CRP levels were also shown to be significantly elevated in steroid‐naïve patients with asthma compared with healthy controls and steroid‐treated asthma patients and increased in non‐allergic, but not allergic, asthma . Meanwhile, enhanced expressions of PTX3 were also observed in asthmatic biopsy samples and in sputum of children with asthma . However, evidence to date has not explicitly linked pentraxin levels to airway inflammation phenotype in asthma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum high sensitivity‐CRP levels, which may be a useful predictor of airway inflammation, have been shown to be significantly higher in asthma patients compared to healthy controls . Elevated PTX3 expression in asthmatic airways has also been observed, and sputum PTX3 levels, a candidate biomarker for evaluation of airway inflammation and remodelling, were also shown to be increased in children with asthma . However, currently, very little is known about expression of SAP in asthma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 Elevated PTX3 expression in asthmatic airways has also been observed, 12 and sputum PTX3 levels, a candidate biomarker for evaluation of airway inflammation and remodelling, were also shown to be increased in children with asthma. 13 However, currently, very little is known about expression of SAP in asthma. Although existing evidence has suggested that expression of CRP and PTX3 is increased in asthma patients and may participate its pathogenesis, whether the expression and/or roles of pentraxins differ in patients with eosinophilic versus non-eosinophilic asthma are still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pentraxin levels in non‐eosinophilic versus eosinophilic asthma

Gao

Tang

Wang

et al. 2018

Clin Experimental Allergy

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Soluble pattern recognition molecules: Guardians and regulators of homeostasis at airway mucosal surfaces

2020

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Maintenance of homeostasis at body barriers that are constantly challenged by microbes, toxins and potentially bioactive (macro)molecules requires complex, highly orchestrated mechanisms of protection. Recent discoveries in respiratory research have shed light on the unprecedented role of airway epithelial cells (AEC), which, besides immune cells homing to the lung, also significantly contribute to host defence by expressing membranebound and soluble pattern recognition receptors (sPRR). Recent evidence suggests that distinct, evolutionary ancient, sPRR secreted by AEC might become activated by usually innocuous proteins, commonly referred to as allergens. We here provide a systematic overview on sPRR detectable in the mucus lining of AEC. Some of them become actively produced and secreted by AECs (like the pentraxins C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3; the collectins mannose binding protein and surfactant proteins A and D; H-ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Others are elaborated by innate and adaptive immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and T cells (like the pentraxins C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3; L-ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Herein we discuss how sPRRs may contribute to homeostasis but sometimes also to overt disease (e.g. airway hyperreactivity and asthma) at the alveolar-air interface.

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Sputum pentraxin 3 as a candidate to assess airway inflammation and remodeling in childhood asthma

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Nontoxic Chloride Treatments on CdTe Solar Cell Microstructure and Stoichiometry

Pentraxin levels in non‐eosinophilic versus eosinophilic asthma

Soluble pattern recognition molecules: Guardians and regulators of homeostasis at airway mucosal surfaces

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