Modern analytical methods for the investigation of surfaces have been greatly improved during the last decade, and the number of instruments offered by manufacturers has increased accordingly. In this article, four of the most frequently applied methods are discussed, with emphasis on those which have found wider application in industry. The aim of this report is to give an easily understandable introduction to all those who are not yet familiar with surface analytical methods. Emphasis is on the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), the most popular technique for elemental analysis of surfaces. The numerous analytical methods differ widely in information depth, lateral resolution, level of nondestructiveness, detection limits, and the possibility of getting quantitative results. Compared with the well known x‐ray microprobe analysis, the surface‐sensitive methods have a lower information depth of up to four orders of magnitude and are therefore well suited to analyze extremely thin films down to a few atomic layers. First, the fundamental physical principles of the atomic excitation and emission processes are described, then the main characteristics of the four methods and their information content are discussed. Finally, some applications are given for the characterization of interesting technical materials.