Sputter-induced chemical transformation in oxoanions by combination of C60+ and Ar+ ion beams analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry

Lin, Yao; Chen, Yingyu; Yu, Bang-Ying; Lin, Wei–Chun; Kuo, Chung Yen; Shyue, Jing‐Jong

doi:10.1039/b814729a

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…(a) and (c)) revealed the crater depths to be 490 and 600 nm (equivalent sputtering rate of 1.58 × 10 –27 and 1.94 × 10 –27 m 3 /ion) after sputtered with the single C 60 + beam and co‐sputtering, respectively. It has been reported that C 60 + ion sputtering can significantly roughen the surface, masking the benefit of a shallower damage layer, and limiting the depth resolution. Using an atomic force microscope (Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺

You

Chang

Lin

et al. 2011

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) analysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was conducted using a quadrupole mass analyzer with various combinations of continuous C(60)(+) and Ar(+) ion sputtering. Individually, the Ar(+) beam failed to generate fragments above m/z 200, and the C(60)(+) beam generated molecular fragments of m/z ~1000. By combining the two beams, the auxiliary Ar(+) beam, which is proposed to suppress carbon deposition due to C(60)(+) bombardment and/or remove graphitized polymer, the sputtering range of the C(60)(+) beam is extended. Another advantage of this technique is that the high sputtering rate and associated high molecular ion intensity of the C(60)(+) beam generate adequate high-mass fragments that mask the damage from the Ar(+) beam. As a result, fragments at m/z ~900 can be clearly observed. As a depth-profiling tool, the single C(60)(+) beam cannot reach a steady state for either PET or PMMA at high ion fluence, and the intensity of the molecular fragments produced by the beam decreases with increasing C(60)(+) fluence. As a result, the single C(60)(+) beam is suitable for profiling surface layers with limited thickness. With C(60)(+)-Ar(+) co-sputtering, although the initial drop in intensity is more significant than with single C(60)(+) ionization because of the damage introduced by the auxiliary Ar(+), the intensity levels indicate that a more steady-state process can be achieved. In addition, the secondary ion intensity at high fluence is higher with co-sputtering. As a result, the sputtered depth is enhanced with co-sputtering and the technique is suitable for profiling thick layers. Furthermore, co-sputtering yields a smoother surface than single C(60)(+) sputtering.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺

You

Chang

Lin

et al. 2011

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…An energy shift (by a few eV) caused by instrument‐dependent dispersion differences (per pixel) and onset‐energy definitions are also considered. The XPS‐P 2p 3/2 data [ 26,28–44 ] from phosphates, phosphites, oxides, halides, phosphides, etc. are summarized in Table S2, Supporting Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proximity of the P K edge onset to the P 0 standard suggests that P is weakly charged in the phosphide. In order to quantify the P valence state, we analyzed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data for a wide range of P‐containing compounds, [ 26,28–44 ] including phosphates, phosphites, and phosphides (see Table S2, Supporting Information). We find that the P‐2p 3/2 binding energy ( E B ) and the P valence (δ P ) form a bowknot‐shaped chart with the node locating at the position of the P 0 standards (Figure 2d).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of Real‐Space Topological Ferroelectricity in Metallic Transition Metal Phosphides

et al. 2020

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polar configurations in ordinary ferroelectric insulators have been discovered in a number of low-dimensional ferroelectric nanostructures. [4-6] In the 1960s, Anderson and Blount [7] proposed the concept of "ferroelectric metal", which offers exciting opportunities for exploring exotic phases and emergent phenomena in materials, for example, antisymmetric spin-orbit interactions in superconductors and ultrahigh magnetoresistance. [8,9] In recent years, a number of ordinary ferroelectric metals have been unveiled one after another. [10-12] However, topological ferroelectric metal has never been reported so far. It is known that ferroelectric materials have polar point groups and exhibit bistable polarity along the unique polar axes. [13,14] In contrast, noncentrosymmetric (chiral and nonpolar) point groups allow for the presence of multiple local polar axes, which may facilitate the construction of topological order of polarity. [15] A number of electrocatalytic transition metal compounds, for example, WP 2 (Space group Cmc2 1) [9] and Ni 2 P (P62m), [16-18] aroused our great curiosity because of their coexisting structural non-centrosymmetry with metallicity and the assignable non-unique valence states that relate to their nontrivial stoichiometry. Here, by focusing on electron-lattice-polarity correlations in Ni 2 P, our Ferroelectric metals-with coexisting ferroelectricity and structural asymmetry-challenge traditional perceptions because free electrons screen electrostatic forces between ions, the driving force of breaking the spatial inversion symmetry. Despite ferroelectric metals having been unveiled one after another, topologically switchable polar objects with metallicity have never been identified so far. Here, the discovery of real-space topological ferroelectricity in metallic and non-centrosymmetric Ni 2 P is reported. Protected by the rotation-inversion symmetry operation, it is found that the balanced polarity of alternately stacked polyhedra couples intimately with elemental valence states, which are verified using quantitative electron energy-loss spectroscopy. First-principles calculations reveal that an applied in-plane compressive strain creates a tunable bilinear double-well potential and reverses the polyhedral polarity on a unit-cell scale. The dual roles of nickel cations, including polar displacement inside polyhedral cages and a 3D bonding network, facilitate the coexistence of topological polarity with metallicity. In addition, the switchable in-plane polyhedral polarity gives rise to a spin-orbit-coupling-induced spin texture with large momentumdependent spin splitting. These findings point out a new direction for exploring valence-polarity-spin correlative interactions via topological ferroelectricity in metallic systems with structural asymmetry. Topological states of matter, such as topological insulators, [1] Weyl semimetals, [2] and magnetic skyrmions, [3] have attracted tremendous attention for their intriguing physical properties and promising applications in spintronic, energy ...

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“…Motivated by the analysis of the nature of the SEI (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] , the NaOTf-DEGDME combination was selected as a launching point for further formulation of electrolytes that can operate below −40°C. A different solvent, DOL, which is a cyclic ether with a low melting point of −95°C, was introduced into DEGDME to produce binary-solvent electrolytes (Fig.…”

Section: Design Of Binary-solvent Electrolytes For Extreme Low Tempermentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending the Low Temperature Operating Range of Sodium Metal Batteries with Acyclic/Cyclic Ether-Based Electrolytes

Wang

Thenuwara

Luo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Despite the promise of sodium electrochemistry at ambient temperature, the performance of sodium metal batteries in frigid environments is hindered by high internal resistance and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which strongly depends on the electrolyte composition. Here we present an electrolyte formulation consisting of acyclic/cyclic ethers as binary solvents and a compatible sodium salt, which is thermally stable down to − 150°C. This electrolyte not only provides low resistance but enables a protective SEI in cold environments. Long-term sodium-metal cycling is demonstrated at the gelid temperature of − 80°C, showing small overpotentials of ~ 150 mV for over 750 hours. Both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy are performed to elucidate the temperature-dependent chemistry of the interphase. Full cells are further demonstrated, exhibiting a low decay rate (< 0.089% per cycle) and a high average Coulombic efficiency (> 99.5%) at temperatures as low as − 60°C.

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Sputter-induced chemical transformation in oxoanions by combination of C60+ and Ar+ ion beams analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺

Discovery of Real‐Space Topological Ferroelectricity in Metallic Transition Metal Phosphides

Extending the Low Temperature Operating Range of Sodium Metal Batteries with Acyclic/Cyclic Ether-Based Electrolytes

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Sputter-induced chemical transformation in oxoanions by combination of C60+ and Ar+ ion beams analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C60+ and Ar+

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C60+ and Ar+

Discovery of Real‐Space Topological Ferroelectricity in Metallic Transition Metal Phosphides

Extending the Low Temperature Operating Range of Sodium Metal Batteries with Acyclic/Cyclic Ether-Based Electrolytes

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Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺

Molecular dynamic‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (D‐SIMS) ionized by co‐sputtering with C₆₀⁺ and Ar⁺