“…If curricular development activism is to be achieved, an evidence‐centered, empirical approach to the course and program design that can be consistently applied to a wide variety of LSP courses and programs will be essential. Most publications describe courses and programs (e.g., Sánchez‐López, 2019) or highlight LSP research done on already‐developed courses using data from the student course content and surveys (e.g., Derby et al, 2017). Zeller and Velázquez‐Castillo (2018) used a needs analysis framework to design and deliver a certificate program in Spanish for animal health and care, but otherwise, LSP courses and programs have been developed as if instructors know the targeted performance outcomes and proficiency levels despite the lack of a rigorous empirical foundation informing course design.…”