Spruce bark as an industrial source of condensed tannins and non-cellulosic sugars

Kemppainen, Katariina; Siika‐aho, Matti; Pattathil, Sivakumar; Giovando, Samuele; Kruus, Kristiina

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.009

Cited by 136 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These findings indicate the occurrence of secondary biochemical changes of the compounds in the cells. Over time, stilbenes may react and become condensed with other compounds, such as tannins (Zhang and Gellerstedt, 2008;Kemppainen et al, 2014;Bianchi et al, 2015), which would explain their observed decline across the outer phloem. Stafford et al (1988) also suggested that the secondary oxidation and polymerization of proanthocyanidins in the bark of Pseudotsuga menziesii led to a considerable loss of compounds from the middle to the outer bark.…”

Section: Secondary Chemical Changes Of Stilbenes Across Phloemmentioning

confidence: 99%

In planta localization of stilbenes within Picea abies phloem

et al. 2016

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Phenolic stilbene glucosides (astringin, isorhapontin, and piceid) and their aglycons commonly accumulate in the phloem of Norway spruce (Picea abies). However, current knowledge about the localization and accumulation of stilbenes within plant tissues and cells remains limited. Here, we used an innovative combination of novel microanalytical techniques to evaluate stilbenes in a frozen-hydrated condition (i.e. in planta) and a freeze-dried condition across phloem tissues. Semiquantitative time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectrometry imaging in planta revealed that stilbenes were localized in axial parenchyma cells. Quantitative gas chromatography analysis showed the highest stilbene content in the middle of collapsed phloem with decreases toward the outer phloem. The same trend was detected for soluble sugar and water contents. The specimen water content may affect stilbene composition; the glucoside-to-aglycon ratio decreased slightly with decreases in water content. Phloem chemistry was correlated with three-dimensional structures of phloem as analyzed by microtomography. The outer phloem was characterized by a high volume of empty parenchyma, reduced ray volume, and a large number of axial parenchyma with porous vacuolar contents. Increasing porosity from the inner to the outer phloem was related to decreasing compactness of stilbenes and possible secondary oxidation or polymerization. Our results indicate that aging-dependent changes in phloem may reduce cell functioning, which affects the capacity of the phloem to store water and sugar, and may reduce the defense potential of stilbenes in the axial parenchyma. Our results highlight the power of using a combination of techniques to evaluate tissue-and cell-level mechanisms involved in plant secondary metabolite formation and metabolism.

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Section: Secondary Chemical Changes Of Stilbenes Across Phloemmentioning

confidence: 99%

In planta localization of stilbenes within Picea abies phloem

et al. 2016

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“…The advantages of extracting tannins from bark are obvious: abundancy and availability of bark, possibility of simple hot-water extraction processes without chemicals (Kemppainen et al 2014) and the commercial value of extraction residue (bark) for bioenergy or as an organic fertilizer (Foelkel 2008). Turner & Ibáñez (2011) have shown that pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is an environmentally benign and promising extraction method in pilot-scale operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of tannin extraction from spruce bark

Ding¹,

Bianchi²,

Ganne-Chédeville³

et al. 2017

iForest

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(1)Tannins have shown antifungal effects and have been considered a potential natural compound for wood preservation. Extracts produced from softwood bark contain both tannins and non-tannin compounds, which may reduce the effectiveness of tannin used as a wood preservative. The purpose of this research is to study the environmental impact of hot water extraction, identify the hot spots within the tannin cradle-to-gate life cycle and give suggestions to optimize its environmental profile. Different extraction and postextraction scenarios of tannin production are compared using the life-cycle assessment method. Experiments were designed to study the tannin yield under different extraction scenarios; the post-extraction scenario analysis was based on literature review. The results show that the extract drying process is the primary contributor to the environmental impact of tannin production. Both preliminary cold water extraction and ultrafiltration after extraction are beneficial as they have fewer non-tannin compounds in the final products; however, preliminary cold water extraction had a considerably lower environmental performance. Successive extractions using fresh water at each cycle increased the total tannin yield, but increased the environmental burden. Using only evaporation to obtain a desired tannin concentration is not environmentally efficient. This paper provides a quantified environmental analysis for the development of tannin-treated wood products and discusses the different tannin extraction scenarios from an environmental point of view.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Condensed tannins obtained from natural resources have been used for the production of wood adhesives since the 1970s. They can be used to prepare tannin-based adhesives and/or to replace part of the phenol in phenol-formaldehyde adhesives (Pizzi 1994(Pizzi , 2006Lei et al 2008;Tondi and Pizzi 2009;Kemppainen et al 2014;Grasel et al 2016).Grape pomace, consisting of skins, seeds, and stems, is a co-product generated by grape juice and wine-making processes and retains a high level of condensed tannins (20% to 30% of the initial weight) (Llobera and Canellas 2007;Zocca et al 2007;Rondeau et al 2013;Bosso et al 2016). In previous works, the authors described the optimization of the extraction of crude condensed tannin extracts from grape pomace using water as a solvent, in the presence of a base (carbonate or sodium hydroxide) and sodium sulfite.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Biodegradation of Grape Pomace Tannins by Aspergillus niger and Application in Wood Adhesive

Lan¹,

Brosse²,

Cui³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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The selective biodegradation of grape pomace tannins was studied using Aspergillus niger strains. The conditions were optimized in terms of monomeric catechin production. The optimal degradation conditions were: 10.0 g·L -1 of tannins in the induced medium, pH 6.5, and cultured on a shaking table at a rate of 120 r·min -1 at 28 °C for 36 h. The biodegraded tannins were used to partially substitute for phenol-formaldehyde in adhesive formulations. The biodegradation enabled the production of adhesives and wood panels with better properties (lower resin viscosity, higher internal bond strength, and lower thickness swelling). A particleboard in which the resin contained 60% biodegraded grape tannins displayed good performances (IBdry = 0.46 MPa, IBwet = 0.15 MPa) and passed the standard specifications for dry and wet conditions. Keywords INTRODUCTIONVegetable tannins are polyphenolic substances that are widely present in the plant kingdom (such as bark, wood, fruits, leaves, roots, and needles) as secondary metabolites for protective purposes, with molecular weights between 500 Da and 30,000 Da. Vegetable tannins are important renewable natural resources and have been used industrially in a wide range of applications. On the basis of their chemical structural characteristics, tannins are divided into hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins (Venter et al. 2012;Radebe et al. 2013;Ricci et al. 2015). Condensed tannins obtained from natural resources have been used for the production of wood adhesives since the 1970s. They can be used to prepare tannin-based adhesives and/or to replace part of the phenol in phenol-formaldehyde adhesives (Pizzi 1994(Pizzi , 2006Lei et al. 2008;Tondi and Pizzi 2009;Kemppainen et al. 2014;Grasel et al. 2016).Grape pomace, consisting of skins, seeds, and stems, is a co-product generated by grape juice and wine-making processes and retains a high level of condensed tannins (20% to 30% of the initial weight) (Llobera and Canellas 2007;Zocca et al. 2007;Rondeau et al. 2013;Bosso et al. 2016). In previous works, the authors described the optimization of the extraction of crude condensed tannin extracts from grape pomace using water as a solvent, in the presence of a base (carbonate or sodium hydroxide) and sodium sulfite. The tannins extracted from grape pomace mainly consist of phloroglucinol A-ring procyanidin polymers with a minor amount of prodelphinidin linked through a C4-C8 linear bond, and a part of procyanidins that contain glucose and gallic acid substituents. It has been demonstrated that these extracts can be successfully employed in the formulation of tannin-PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Lan et al. (2018). "Grape tannins in wood adhesive," BioResources 13(1), 894-905. 895formaldehyde-based adhesives usable for the production of wood panels (Ping et al. 2011a(Ping et al. ,b, 2012. However, it was concluded that, compared with tannins extracted from barks, the performance of some of the pomace-based formulations was poor. This was probably due to the large variability...

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Spruce bark as an industrial source of condensed tannins and non-cellulosic sugars

Cited by 136 publications

References 27 publications

In planta localization of stilbenes within Picea abies phloem

In planta localization of stilbenes within Picea abies phloem

Life cycle assessment of tannin extraction from spruce bark

Selective Biodegradation of Grape Pomace Tannins by Aspergillus niger and Application in Wood Adhesive

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