Spring phenology of trees and frost avoidance*

Cannell, M. G. R.

doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06268.x

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The breaking of dormancy and the development of new shoots is directly related to increasing temperature in most temperate and boreal plants (Cannell, 1997 ;Barnes et al, 1998). Shoot development can be predicted with great accuracy from cumulative heat sum in the spring, and natural populations within a species exhibit genetically controlled patterns of heat sum requirements in order for shoots to develop.…”

Section:  mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of tree fine roots to temperature

et al. 2000

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Soil temperature can influence the functioning of roots in many ways. If soil moisture and nutrient availability are adequate, rates of root length extension and root mortality increase with increasing soil temperature, at least up to an optimal temperature for root growth, which seems to vary among taxa. Root growth and root mortality are highly seasonal in perennial plants, with a flush of growth in spring and significant mortality in the fall. At present we do not understand whether root growth phenology responds to the same temperature cues that are known to control shoot growth. We also do not understand whether the flush of root growth in the spring depends on the utilization of stored nonstructural carbohydrates, or if it is fueled by current photosynthate. Root respiration increases exponentially with temperature, but Q "! values range widely from c. 1.5 to 3.0. Significant questions yet to be resolved are : whether rates of root respiration acclimate to soil temperature, and what mechanisms control acclimation if it occurs. Limited data suggest that fine roots depend heavily on the import of new carbon (C) from the canopy during the growing season. We hypothesize that root growth and root respiration are tightly linked to whole-canopy assimilation through complex source-sink relationships within the plant. Our understanding of how the whole plant responds to dynamic changes in soil temperature, moisture and nutrient availability is poor, even though it is well known that multiple growth-limiting resources change simultaneously through time during a typical growing season. We review the interactions between soil temperature and other growth-limiting factors to illustrate how simple generalizations about temperature and root functioning can be misleading.

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Section:  mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of tree fine roots to temperature

et al. 2000

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“…Leaf‐out of temperate deciduous trees is likely driven by a trade‐off between minimizing the risk of freezing damage and maximizing the length of the growing season (Cannell ). Accurate timing of development is crucial for temperate deciduous trees in spring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of leaf‐out towards minimum risk of freezing damage in temperate trees

et al. 2016

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Summary Within the same forest stand, temperate deciduous trees generally exhibit a distinct pattern in leaf‐out timing, with some species flushing earlier than other species. This study aimed to explain the timing of leaf‐out of various temperate tree species in relation to the risk of freezing damage to leaves. We combined long‐term series of leaf‐out date (14–32 years) of five temperate tree species located in both low and high elevations in Switzerland, daily minimum temperatures recorded at the same sites and species‐specific freezing resistance (LT50) of emerging leaves. We calculated temperature safety margins (the temperature difference between absolute minimum temperature during leaf‐out and species‐specific LT50 values), and date safety margins (time lag between the last day when temperature falls below species‐specific LT50 values and the date of leaf‐out). Leaf‐out occurred when the probability to encounter freezing damage approaches zero, irrespective of climatic conditions (low vs. high elevation) and species (early‐ and late‐flushing species). In other words, trees leaf out precisely at the beginning of the probabilistically safe period. Interestingly, the temperature safety margins did not differ significantly between low and high elevation. Yet, the date safety margin was smaller at high elevation, presumably due to a faster increase in temperature during the leaf‐out period at high elevation. When species‐specific freezing resistance is taken into account, the time of leaf‐out converges among species towards a marginal risk of freezing damage. Thus, leaf‐out time has likely evolved in a way that the risk of freezing damage is minimized over a large spectrum of climatic conditions. Species with a small safety margin against freezing temperature, like Fagus sylvatica, appear to employ photoperiod co‐control of spring phenology, whereas species with a large safety margin depend largely on temperature for the right timing of leaf‐out. Our results offer a new avenue to explain the differences in leaf‐out timing among co‐occurring tree species. They further suggest that in a warming climate, tree species can expand their distribution range to the extent their phenology matches the stochasticity of freezing temperatures in spring.

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“…). Late spring frost events are known to exert a strong selective pressure on the timing of leaf out (Cannell ). Indeed, before and during budburst, tree buds go through a dehardening period and new emerging leaves are very sensitive to frost (Weiser ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic vs. non‐genetic responses of leaf morphology and growth to elevation in temperate tree species

et al. 2013

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Summary1. At high elevation, temperate trees generally exhibit adaptive genetic differentiation in their morphological and physiological traits. On account of this directional selection, we hypothesized that tree populations growing near their upper cold elevational limits exhibit lower phenotypic plasticity of growth and leaf morphological traits in response to temperature changes than populations growing at lower elevations. 2. Seedlings of six common deciduous tree species originating from low and high elevations were transplanted into eight common gardens along two elevational gradients in the Swiss Alps. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the genetic differentiation in growth and leaf morphology between populations from low and high elevations and to quantify the phenotypic plasticity of these traits to temperature changes. 3. In contrast to growth that decreased with increasing elevation, leaf mass per area (LMA) showed no significant change with elevation of common garden, except for a decrease in Laburnum alpinum for both low-and high-elevation provenances. Interestingly, leaf density was found to decrease with elevation of the gardens for all species. Genetic differentiation between low-and high-elevation populations was found in both leaf morphology and growth: high-elevation populations tended to have slower growth rate than low-elevation populations, while no consistent trend was found for LMA across species. Interestingly, for Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior high-elevation populations exhibited a lower phenotypic plasticity of growth in response to temperature compared to lower populations, whereas no interactions between the elevation of a provenance and the elevation of the garden was detected for the four other species. 4. Hence, during young life stages, the expected increase in tree growth in future warmer climates might be lower in populations living in the coldest part of the species distribution range in temperate species such as Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior, but similar in other tree species, disregarding other environmental changes.

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Spring phenology of trees and frost avoidance*

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Responses of tree fine roots to temperature

Responses of tree fine roots to temperature

Convergence of leaf‐out towards minimum risk of freezing damage in temperate trees

Genetic vs. non‐genetic responses of leaf morphology and growth to elevation in temperate tree species

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