Spring flux as an indicator of source geomorphology, substrata, and temperature conditions in springs

Geochemical properties of seepage-filtration and fracture springs in Wisconsin

“…Thermal images support the previous work by Swanson and Graham (2022) by showing that the spatial distribution of temperature differs between spring types, with greater variation at seepagefiltration springs (Fig. 4).…”

“…After water quality sampling was completed, students used a FLIR Vue Pro 640 camera to capture thermal images in the vicinity of the sampling array and spring orifice. This process allowed students to The Keck Geology Consortium, v. 34, 2022 confirm the results of Swanson et al (2022) for their own field sites. Fieldwork was conducted in July, so differences between spring pool surface water and emerging groundwater temperatures are likely to be at a maximum.…”

“…At fracture springs, groundwater flows from discrete sources and the distribution of temperature is spatially consistent, whereas at seepage-filtration springs, groundwater flows in a more diffuse manner from numerous openings in permeable material and the distribution of temperature is more spatially variable (Fig. 1) (Swanson and Graham, 2022).…”