Spring-back behavior on L-shaped composite structures: A statistical analysis of angular recovery as a function of time and residual cure

Pereira, Gl´aucio C.; LeBoulluec, P.; Lu, Wei-Tsen; Yoshida, Minoru; Alves, Ana Paula; Ávila, Antônio F.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105491

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For the effect of the part thickness, Horberg et al [ 25 ] revealed that the spring-in value decreased from 1.9° to 1.1° as the thickness of the L-shaped laminate was increased from 1 mm to 12 mm. A similar trend showing that thinner parts had larger spring-in values than thicker parts was obtained [ 7 , 20 , 26 ]. Ersoy et al [ 27 ] indicated that as the thickness of C-sections made of unidirectional lay-ups was increased from 1 to 4 mm, the measured spring-in angles were decreased from 1.03° to 0.66°, which were expressed on the base of a 90° angle.…”

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The effect of high curing pressure was shown to reduce the spring-in angles of L-shaped composite parts because of the thickness reduction [ 35 ]. Pereira et al [ 26 ] observed that the spring-in angle of L-shaped laminates was decreased as a function of the time after autoclave fabrication because the cure needed to be complete. There are still other extrinsic parameters that were studied for the plate warpage, although not for the angle deviation.…”

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Hwang

2023

Materials

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After manufacturing, fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates may have residual stresses, resulting in warpage in flat structures and angle changes in angular sections. These shape distortions may cause fitting mismatch problems under high-level assembly, and extra efforts to fix these problems may be needed. The present paper only makes an overview of the angle deviation of angular composite laminates made of either thermoset matrix with autoclave curing or thermoplastic matrix with thermoforming. Depending on the positive or negative angle deviation, spring-back or spring-in behavior is observed. There are many parameters, including intrinsic and extrinsic parameters, that could affect the angle deviation. In the first part of this review paper, experimental results concerning the effects of the part angle, part thickness, lay-up sequence, corner angle, flange size, tool material, tool surface, and cure cycle are summarized. Spring-in angles are generally obtained in this part. In the second part, several prediction methods, such as simple equations and finite element methods, are compared to indicate the considered parameters. Some have good agreement and some have larger errors. The crucial differences may be dependent on the micromechanical theories and the input properties of the composite and the constituents.

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Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Parameter Effects From Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Hwang

2023

Materials

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“…Current manufacturing methods induce residual stresses within the laminate, leading to a form of product deformation known as elastic response [5][6][7]. This distortion has a significant impact on a company's expenses as it necessitates product re-manufacturing, repairs, or disposal at rising landfill costs [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite Element Analysis of Manufacturing Deformation in Polymer Matrix Composites

Singleton,

Saeed,

Strawbridge

et al. 2024

Materials

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This paper introduces a unique finite element analysis (FEA) technique designed to predict spring-back behaviour in polymer matrix composites (PMCs). Extensive research has been conducted to model the manufacturing process of multiple ‘L’-shaped components, fabricated from SPRINTTM materials (GLP 43 and GLP 96) at two thicknesses (15 mm and 25 mm). Three distinct FEA methodologies were utilised to determine the impact of thermal loads and rigid fixtures. An error deviation of 3.23% was recorded when comparing simulation results to experimental data, thereby validating the effectiveness of the FEA methodology.

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“…The second type is called spring-back or spring-in behavior for angled laminates depending on the positive or negative angle deviation. Pereira et al 21 investigated the spring-in behavior of L-shaped carbon/epoxy composite structures as a function of time and found that the spring-in effect was released over time. The spring-in behavior of an L-shaped carbon/epoxy composite was investigated by a finite element model considering both the thermo-chemical and thermos-mechanical phenomena 22 and it concluded that only the layup sequence affected the spring-in as compared to the thickness and the corner radius.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spring-in behavior of woven carbon fiber/polycarbonate thermoplastic composites

Hwang

2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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The spring-in behavior of woven carbon fiber/polycarbonate thermoplastic composite is investigated by both the experiment and simulation ways. These thermoplastic composite plates are thermoformed into V-shaped structures, and the final bending angle is measured after demolding. In the finite element simulation to describe the thermoforming and spring-in behavior of the composite, the discrete approach is adopted to simulate the behavior of woven carbon fabric and combined with a resin model. The results from both the experiment and the simulation indicate the spring-in behavior of this thermoplastic composite. For [(±45)]6 blanks, the spring-in angle is around 2.60° for a 60-degree V-shape and around 1.72° for a 90-degree V-shape. For [(0/90)]6 blanks, the spring-in angle is around 2.38° and 1.19° for 60-degree and 90-degree V-shapes, respectively. The [(±45)]6 blank always has a slightly higher spring-in angle than the [(0/90)]6 blank, even though the difference is small. The finite element results show 6% to 12% differences with the experimental values if the spring-in angle is used, and the error is less than 0.6% when the bending angle is compared. By using the present finite element analysis, the results indicate that the stacking sequence could have an evident effect on the spring-in angle, and symmetric laminates have less spring-in effect as compared to their unsymmetric counterparts.

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Spring-back behavior on L-shaped composite structures: A statistical analysis of angular recovery as a function of time and residual cure

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

An Overview of Angle Deviations of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Angular Laminates

Finite Element Analysis of Manufacturing Deformation in Polymer Matrix Composites

Spring-in behavior of woven carbon fiber/polycarbonate thermoplastic composites

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