Spread of Strain W, a Highly Drug‐Resistant Strain of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, Across the United States

Agerton, Tracy B.; Valway, Sarah E.; Blinkhorn, Richard; Shilkret, Kenneth L.; Reves, Randall; Schluter, W. William; Gore, Betty; Pozsik, Carol; Plikaytis, Bonnie B.; Woodley, Charles L.; Onorato, Ida M.

doi:10.1086/520187

Cited by 124 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Of these isolates, 15 had an RFLP pattern (W148) specific for the so-called W-strain family, which is highly drug-resistant and belongs to the phylogenetic lineage of the Beijing family. W and W-like strains have been associated with large MDR-TB outbreaks in the United States (16,17) and elsewhere (e.g., South Africa [19]). With high disease and mortality rates, MDR outbreaks caused by the W strain family and its variants have mainly affected HIV-infected persons (17,18) but affect HIV-negative persons as well (19,32).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these outbreaks, MDR-TB has predominantly affected immunocompromised patients, and disease was often caused by certain strains of M. tuberculosis, in particular the W strain (16)(17)(18). This strain and its many variants (e.g., subtypes W 1 [17] and U [19]), form a family lineage that shares a common genotype with the Beijing clone (20).…”

Section: Tuberculosis (Tb) Is An Important Health Problem In Prison Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Prison Inmates, Azerbaijan

Pfyffer

Strässle

Gorkum

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tuberculosis (Tb) Is An Important Health Problem In Prison Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Prison Inmates, Azerbaijan

Pfyffer

Strässle

Gorkum

et al. 2001

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Lineage 2 contains strains that mostly belong to the so-called Beijing family (8,9). This strain family has attracted great attentions due to its global emergence in recent decades (6,7,(10)(11)(12), its tendency to cause disease outbreak (13)(14)(15)(16)(17), and its association with antibiotic resistance (12,18). Experimental and clinical evidences suggest a hypervirulent phenotype of Beijing strains (12,19), and a higher mutation rate compared with other strains (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern East Asian origin and coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family with Han Chinese

Luò

Comas

Luo

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

144

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The Beijing family is the most successful genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and responsible for more than a quarter of the global tuberculosis epidemic. As the predominant genotype in East Asia, the Beijing family has been emerging in various areas of the world and is often associated with disease outbreaks and antibiotic resistance. Revealing the origin and historical dissemination of this strain family is important for understanding its current global success. Here we characterized the global diversity of this family based on whole-genome sequences of 358 Beijing strains. We show that the Beijing strains endemic in East Asia are genetically diverse, whereas the globally emerging strains mostly belong to a more homogenous subtype known as “modern” Beijing. Phylogeographic and coalescent analyses indicate that the Beijing family most likely emerged around 30,000 y ago in southern East Asia, and accompanied the early colonization by modern humans in this area. By combining the genomic data and genotyping result of 1,793 strains from across China, we found the “modern” Beijing sublineage experienced massive expansions in northern China during the Neolithic era and subsequently spread to other regions following the migration of Han Chinese. Our results support a parallel evolution of the Beijing family and modern humans in East Asia. The dominance of the “modern” Beijing sublineage in East Asia and its recent global emergence are most likely driven by its hypervirulence, which might reflect adaption to increased human population densities linked to the agricultural transition in northern China.

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“…1 Senior High School, which is also in Gujiao City. Licai Training School is located in a three-storey teaching building, with Science Classes 26, 27 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%