Spread of Multidrug-Resistant<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>Within the Household Setting

Leite-Martins, Liliana; Meireles, Diana; Bessa, Lucinda J.; Mendes, Ângelo; Matos, Augusto de; Costa, Paulo Martins da

doi:10.1089/mdr.2013.0217

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although previous studies showed similarities between human and pet enterococci isolates (Damborg and others 2009, Kwon and others 2012, Leite-Martins and others 2014a), or resistance genetic determinants shared within households (Martins and others 2013), the present data failed to find any significant results for animals belonging to health professionals or people already exposed to AM treatments; this result may be explained by the low number of animals analysed in those groups (Table 2). …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…In vivo transfer of VAN resistance genes from enterococci isolates of animal origin to enterococci isolates of human origin has already been demonstrated (Lester and others 2006). In Portugal, the same multidrug-resistant enterococci were isolated from pets and owners as well as from various commonly touched objects and surfaces from the household (Leite-Martins and others 2014a). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci from vet‐visiting pets and assessment of risk factors

et al. 2015

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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exhibited by enterococci isolated from faeces of pets and its underlying risk factors. From September 2009 to May 2012, rectal swabs were collected from 74 dogs and 17 cats, selected from the population of animals visiting the Veterinary Hospital of University of Porto, UPVet, through a systematic random procedure. Animal owners answered a questionnaire about the risk factors that could influence the presence of AMR in faecal enterococci. Enterococci isolation, identification and antimicrobial (AM) susceptibility testing were performed. Data analyses of multilevel, univariable and multivariable generalised linear mixed models were conducted. From all enterococci isolated (n=315), 61 per cent were considered multidrug-resistant, whereas only 9.2 per cent were susceptible to all AMs tested. Highest resistance was found to tetracycline (67.0 per cent), rifampicin (60.3 per cent), azithromycin (58.4 per cent), quinupristin/dalfopristin (54.0 per cent) and erythromycin (53.0 per cent). Previous fluoroquinolone treatments and coprophagic habits were the features more consistently associated with the presence of AMR for three (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin) and seven (tetracycline, rifampicin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and azithromycin), respectively, out of nine AMs assessed. Evaluating risk factors that determine the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in pets, a possible source of resistance determinants to human beings, is crucial for the selection of appropriate treatment guidelines by veterinary practitioners.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci from vet‐visiting pets and assessment of risk factors

et al. 2015

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“…Epidemiological studies suggest a link between antimicrobial use and the emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (1,2). Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated AMR a major threat to public health (3) and evidence is accumulating that resistant bacteria can be transmitted between humans, food producing animals, and companion animals (4)(5)(6)(7). Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) policies and practices aim to limit the development of AMR and improve patient outcomes by promoting the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care

et al. 2020

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Background: Antimicrobial use contributes to emergence of antimicrobial resistance. It was hypothesized that antimicrobial prescribing behavior varies between the emergency (ER) and critical care (CC) services in a veterinary teaching hospital. This study aimed to: (i) describe antimicrobial prescribing patterns in the ER and CC services; (ii) assess adherence to stewardship principles; (iii) evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Methods: Institution electronic medical records were queried for all antimicrobial prescriptions from the ER and CC services between 1/1/2017 and 12/31/2017. Prescriptions were manually reviewed, and the following data recorded: drug, dosage, duration, diagnosis, outcome, hospitalization duration, culture submission, and susceptibility results. Results: There were 5,091 ER visits, of which 3,125 were not transferred to another service. Of these emergency visits, 516 (16.5%) resulted in 613 antimicrobial drug prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed drugs for the ER were amoxicillin/clavulanate (n = 243, 39.6%), metronidazole (n = 146, 23.8%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 55, 9.0%). The most common reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were skin disease (n = 227, 37.0%), gastrointestinal disease (n = 173, 28.2%), and respiratory disease (n = 50, 8.2%). For ER patients 18 cultures were submitted, equivalent to a 3.5% submission rate. The CC service managed 311 case visits for 822 patient days. Of these, 133 case visits (42.7%) resulted in 340 prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed drugs for the CC service were ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 103, 30.3%), enrofloxacin (n = 75, 22.1%), and metronidazole (n = 59, 17.4%). The most common reasons for antimicrobial prescriptions were gastrointestinal disease (n = 106, 31.2%), respiratory disease (n = 71, 20.9%), and sepsis (n = 61, 17.9%). On the CC service, 46 patients had ≥1 culture submitted, equivalent to a 34.6% submission rate. Of patients prescribed antimicrobials, 13/38 (34%) with urinary tract disease, 2/28 (7%) with pneumonia, 1/11 (9%) with canine infectious respiratory disease complex and 2/8 (25%) with feline upper respiratory infection were compliant with published guidelines. Robbins et al. Antimicrobial Prescribing Emergency Critical Care Conclusions: Antimicrobial prescription was common in both ER and CC services and followed similar patterns. Adherence to published guidelines for urinary and respiratory infections was poor.

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“…Over the last decades, improvements in medical assistance have enabled pets to be treated in veterinary hospitals and subjected to antibiotic therapies very similar to the ones used in human medicine [2]. This reality coupled with the intimate contact that exists between pets and their owners and negligence in hygiene practices by humans [3], makes companion animals important players in the global dissemination of AMR. Even so, there still is a lack of information on the transfer of antimicrobial resistant strains from pets to humans and vice versa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent corresponding studies focusing on companion animals have started to be performed [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Since dogs and cats are kept in close contact with their owners, silent within-household transmission of resistant bacteria and resistance genes may occur in either direction by direct contact or, indirectly, through household surfaces and objects contaminated by feces, oral secretions or urine [3,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%