Spray-on tanning

Rogers, Cindy J.

doi:10.1016/j.asj.2005.04.003

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Since the 1930s, golden sun-tanned skin has become a mark of beauty in young people. Even now, people in Brazil, among other countries, frequent beaches and swimming pools using large amounts of tanning lotion in the hopes that they will get a tan [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This reaction occurs by the thickening of the stratum corneum and the expansion of melanin filters in epidermal cells. UV-induced skin-darkening causes an increase in the number of melanocytes and in the production of melanin, a natural polymer that protects the skin against UV radiation [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This keto sugar is formed by the human body and is used in the Kreb's cycle. Incidentally, DHA is the only active chemical in sunless tanners that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is believed to be similar to the chemical reaction between carbohydrates and amines. The pigmentation caused by the DHA-amino acid reaction is one part of a series of reactions that are collectively called Maillard browning or nonenzymatic browning reactions which are known to cause sugar-containing foods to brow while they are kept in storage [2,4,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model

Balogh

Pedriali

Gama

et al. 2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Sunless tanning formulas have become increasingly popular in recent years for their ability to give people convincing tans without the dangers of skin cancer. Most sunless tanners currently on the market contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a keto sugar with three carbons. The temporary pigment provided by these formulas is designed to resemble a UV-induced tan. This study evaluated the effectiveness of carbomer gels and cold process self emulsifying bases on skin pigmentation, using different concentrations of a chemical system composed of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine, which are found in moulted snake skins and their effectiveness was tested by Mexameter(®) MX 18. Eight different sunless tanning formulas were developed, four of which were gels and four of which were emulsions (base, base plus 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% (w/w) of a system of DHA and N-acetyl tyrosine). Tests to determine the extent of artificial tanning were done by applying 30 mg cm(-2) of each formula onto standard sizes of moulted snake skin (2.0 cm × 3.0 cm). A Mexameter(®) MX 18 was used to evaluate the extent of coloration in the moulted snake skin at T(0) (before the application) and after 24, 48, 72, 168, 192 and 216 h. The moulted snake skins can be used as an alternative membrane model for in vitro sunless tanning efficacy tests due to their similarity to the human stratum corneum. The DHA concentration was found to influence the initiation of the pigmentation in both sunless tanning systems (emulsion and gel) as well as the time required to increases by a given amount on the tanning index. In the emulsion system, the DHA concentration also influenced the final value on the tanning index. The type of system (emulsion or gel) has no influence on the final value in the tanning index after 216 h for samples with the same DHA concentration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model

Balogh

Pedriali

Gama

et al. 2011

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…Sunless tanning booths emerged in the market in 1999, and then the booths are replacing solar salons (Fu et al, 2004). However, recently available sunless tanning booths introduced an unusual technique in response to their rapidly expanding population (Meadows, 2003;Fu et al, 2004;Rogers, 2005;Sheehan and Lesher, 2005). The sunless tanning booths use sprays to apply an even coat of sunless tanning solution to the consumer's bare skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact dermatitis caused by sunless tanning treatment with dihydroxyacetone in hairless descendants of Mexican hairless dogs

Kimura

2008

Environmental Toxicology

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Dihydroxyacetone (DHAT) is a color additive that is added to sunless tanning products to produce an artificial tan. Although this agent has been used extensively as safe sunless tanning, no published data are available to judge whether the abuse of DHAT causes a potential hazard to the human skin. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether frequent treatment with DHAT solutions had a deleterious effect on the wide skin surface of hairless descendants of Mexican hairless dogs. The skin reactions to the DHAT-treatment were investigated by daily clinical observations and histopathological examinations (21 and 42 days after the beginning of the DHAT-treatment). Clinical observations showed that skin color changes were apparent within 6 h after the first treatment with 5% DHAT solutions, with maximal darkening between 12 and 24 h. Twenty-one days after the beginning of the treatment with 5% DHAT solutions, the skin developed irritant dermatitis, and then the skin lesions gradually became severe during this study. Histopathological examinations showed entire epidermal thickening, 21 days after the beginning of the treatment with 5% DHAT solutions. Forty-two days after the beginning of the treatment with 5% DHAT solutions, the skin exhibited remarkable epidermal degeneration (hyperplastic and dyskeratotic changes) and moderate inflammatory reactions in the dermis. In severe dermatitic sites, I found focal epidermal necrosis or interepidermal blister formation beneath the thickened parakeatotic corneum. Throughout this study, there were no clinical and histopathological changes in the sites treated with vehicle alone. These results revealed that the skin coloring generated by frequent wide treatments with DHAT caused severe contact dermatitis which was associated with the damaged stratum corneum.

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Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning

Heckman¹,

Manne²

2012

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Spray-on tanning

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model

Study of sunless tanning formulas using molted snake skin as an alternative membrane model

Contact dermatitis caused by sunless tanning treatment with dihydroxyacetone in hairless descendants of Mexican hairless dogs

Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning

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