Spray Deposition of Two Insecticides into Surface Waters in a South African Orchard Area

Schulz, Ralf; Peall, Sue K. C.; Dabrowski, J.; Reinecke, A. J.

doi:10.2134/jeq2001.303814x

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The potential of runoff as a route of entry for pesticides and sediments input from agricultural fields into streams has been illustrated in a number of other studies (e.g. Wauchope, 1978;Readman et al, 1992;DeLorenzo et al, 1999;McDonald et al, 1999;Werner et al, 2000;Schulz, 2001;Schulz et al, 2001;Dabrowski et al, 2002b). Schulz (2001) and Nakano et al (2004) provide an overview of field studies undertaken in temperate latitudes that establish a relationship between runoff events and increased total suspended sediment and pesticide levels in a river by monitoring their residues in river water or sediments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Ntow¹

2008

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.Published by: Taylor & Francis/Balkema PO Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub. NL@tandf.co.uk www.balkema.nl, www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk, To the memory of Dr. Akosua Werekoa (aka Awo), this thesis is dedicated to her, my wife, Mrs Bernice Worlanyo Ntow and my parents, Francis Andrews Ntow andMargaret Kyei (Yaa Saah), whom God has used to bring me this far. Contents AcknowledgementsChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Farmer perceptions and pesticide use practices in vegetable production in Ghana 9Chapter 3 Dissipation of endosulfan in field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cropped soil at Akumadan 27Chapter 4The impact of agricultural runoff on the quality of two streams at Akumadan and Tono 43Chapter 5 Occupational exposure to pesticides: blood cholinesterase activity in farmers at Akumadan 57Chapter Introduction GeneralWorldwide pesticide usage has increased tremendously since the 1960s. It has largely been responsible for the "green revolution", i.e. the massive increase in food production obtained from the same surface of land with the help of mineral fertilisers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), more efficient machinery and intensive irrigation. The use of pesticides helped to significantly reduce crop losses and to improve the yield of crops such as corn, maize, vegetables, potatoes and cotton. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of pesticides, their adverse effects on environmental quality and human health have been well documented worldwide and constitute a major issue that gives rise to concerns at local, regional, national and global scales (Planas et al., 1997; Huber et al., 2000; Kidd et al., 2001; Cerejeira et al., 2003). Residues of pesticides contaminate soils and water, persist in the crops, enter the food chain, and finally are ingested by humans with foodstuffs and water. Furthermore, pesticides can be held responsible for contributing to biodiversity losses and deterioration of natural habitats (Sattler et al., 2006). There have been reported instances of pest resurgence, development of resistance to pesticides, secondary pest outbreaks and destruction of non-target species. Despite the fact that pesticides are also applied in other sectors, agriculture can undoubtedly be seen as the most important source of adverse effects (Hoyer and Kratz, 2001; cited in Sattler et al., 2006).The application of different pesticides varies with the region. For instance, in North Ameri...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Ntow¹

2008

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“…exposed in situ at the inlet and outlet of a constructed wetland in South Africa exposed to runoff-or spray drift-related insecticide input (Schulz and Peall 2001;Schulz et al 2001a). In an another experiment in Oxford, MS (Mississipi, USA) targeted the effects of vegetated ([90% macrophyte coverage) versus nonvegetated (\5% macrophyte coverage) wetland mesocosms on the transport and toxicity of parathion-methyl introduced to simulate a worst-case storm event (Schulz et al 2003b).…”

Section: Relevant Biological Endpointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems

et al. 2008

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International audienceContamination caused by pesticides in agriculture is a source of environmental poor water quality in some of the European Union countries. Without treatment or targeted mitigation, this pollution is diffused in the environment. Pesticides and some metabolites are of increasing concern because of their potential impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. Within the context of the European Union (EU) water framework directive context to promote low pesticide-input farming and best management practices, the EU LIFE project ArtWET assessed the efficiency of ecological bioengineering methods using different artificial wetland (AW) prototypes throughout Europe. We optimized physical and biological processes to mitigate agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems. Mitigation solutions were implemented at full-scale demonstration and experimental sites. We tested various bioremediation methods at seven experimental sites. These sites involved (1) experimental prototypes, such as vegetated ditches, a forest microcosm and 12 wetland mesocosms, and (2) demonstration prototypes: vegetated ditches, three detention ponds enhanced with technology of constructed wetlands, an outdoor bioreactor and a biomassbed. This set up provides a variety of hydrologic conditions, with some systems permanently flooded and others temporarily flooded. It also allowed to study the processes both in field and controlled conditions. In order to compare the efficiency of the wetlands, mass balances at the inlet and outlet of the artificial wetland will be used, taking into account the partition of the studied compound in water, sediments, plants, and suspended solids. The literature background necessary to harmonize the interdisciplinary work is reviewed here and the theoretical framework regarding pesticide removal mechanisms in artificial wetland is discussed. The development and the implementation of innovative approaches concerning various water quality sampling strategies for pesticide load estimates during flood, specific biological endpoints, innovative bioprocess applied to herbicide and copper mitigation to enhance the pesticide retention time within the artificial wetland, fate and transport using a 2D mixed hybrid finite element model are introduced. These future results will be useful to optimize hydraulic functioning, e.g., pesticide resident time, and biogeochemical conditions, e.g., dissipation, inside the artificial wetlands. Hydraulic retention times are generally too low to allow an optimized adsorption on sediment and organic materials accumulated in artificial wetlands. Absorption by plants is not either effective. The control of the hydraulic design and the use of adsorbing materials can be useful to increase the pesticides residence time and the contact between pesticides and biocatalyzers. Pesticide fluxes can be reduced by 50-80% when hydraulic pathways in artificial wetlands are optimized by increasing ten times the retention time, by recirculation of w...

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“…In the United States, slightly more than 1300 (2%) of reported impairments to water bodies are attributed to pesticides (USEPA 2008). Studies from across the world have examined the presence of pesticides in surface waters (House et al 1991;Kreuger 1998;Bar-Ilan et al 2000;Schulz et al 2001;Tanabe et al 2001).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ability of Four Emergent Macrophytes to Remediate Permethrin in Mesocosm Experiments

Moore

Kröger

Cooper

et al. 2009

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Increased focus is being placed on the ability of native vegetation to mitigate potential harmful effects of agricultural runoff, especially pyrethroid insecticides. Replicate 379 L Rubbermaid tubs (1.25 m [l] 9 0.6 m [w] 9 0.8 m [h]) were planted with individual species of cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), cattails (Typha latifolia), burreed (Sparganium americanum), and powdery alligator-flag (Thalia dealbata), all common wetland macrophytes found in the Mississippi Delta, USA, agricultural region. Permethrin-enriched water (target concentration, 5 lg L -1 ) was pumped in at a 4-h hydraulic retention time at one end of the tub and discharged at the far end. Water samples were collected from discharge at 1-h intervals for 12 h and analyzed for permethrin concentrations. Permethrin removal rates were compared for the four different plant treatments and nonvegetated sediment-water controls. Results indicated that no particular single plant species was more effective at removing permethrin in water relative to unplanted controls. Overall mass reductions (from inflow to outflow) for cis-permethrin ranged from 67% ± 6% in T. latifolia to 71% ± 2% in L. oryzoides. The trans-permethrin overall mass reductions ranged from 76% ± 4% in S. americanum to 82% ± 2% in the unplanted control. Sediment and plant samples collected at the study conclusion indicated that 77%-95% of measured permethrin mass was associated with sediment for mesocosms planted with L. oryzoides, T. latifolia, and T. dealbata. Conversely, mesocosms planted with S. americanum had 83% of measured mass associated with the plant material. Specific plant-pesticide retention studies can lead to improved planning for best management practices and remediation techniques such as constructed wetlands and vegetated agricultural drainage ditches.

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Spray Deposition of Two Insecticides into Surface Waters in a South African Orchard Area

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

The Use and Fate of Pesticides in Vegetable-Based Agro-Ecosystems in Ghana

Mitigation of agricultural nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in artificial wetland ecosystems

Ability of Four Emergent Macrophytes to Remediate Permethrin in Mesocosm Experiments

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