“…15,19–22 Zwitterions commonly used for surface modification include phosphorylcholine (PC), sulfobetaine (SB), and carboxybetaine (CB). Various methods, such as surface grafting, 23–26 dip-coating, 27 spin-coating, 28,29 spray-coating, 30 and solvent casting 31 can be employed to modify a surface using zwitterionic polymers. Among these methods, the surface grafting approach is particularly popular due to its ability to attach end-functionalized polymer chains onto the substrate surface (grafting to) or initiate polymerization from pre-attached initiators/precursors on the surface (grafting from).…”