Spray Behaviour and Particulate Matter Emissions with M15 Methanol/Gasoline Blends in a GDI Engine

Murad, Safwan Hanis Mohd; Camm, Joseph; Davy, Martin; Stone, Richard; Richardson, Dave

doi:10.4271/2016-01-0991

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The fuel spray was back illuminated using an LED array, pulsed synchronously with the spray. The spray images were analysed using an in-house code which captures the plume from an image which is fully described in [18][19][20].…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method for Measuring Fuel Flow in an Individual Injection in Real Time

Leach

Davy

Henry

et al. 2018

SAE Int. J. Engines

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Knowledge of fuel mass injected in an individual cycle is important for engine performance and modeling. At the moment, such measurements are not possible on-engine or in real-time. In this paper, a new method using Coriolis flow meters (CFMs) and a new, patented, signal processing technique, known as the Prism, is introduced. CFMs are extensively used for flow measurement both in the automotive industry and further afield, and when coupled with the Prism have the potential to make these challenging high-speed measurements. A rig-based feasibility study was conducted injecting very small quantities of diesel (3 mg) at pressures of up to 1000 bar at simulated engine speeds of up to 4000 rpm. The results show that these small quantities can in principle be measured. The results also reveal a previously unknown behaviour of CFMs when measuring very low flow rates at high speed. The study concludes that by combining high-resonant frequency flow tubes with the Prism technology in a new instrument-the Fast Next Generation Coriolis (Fast-NGC) flow meter-it will be possible to measure individual injector flow rates on-engine in real-time.

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Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method for Measuring Fuel Flow in an Individual Injection in Real Time

Leach

Davy

Henry

et al. 2018

SAE Int. J. Engines

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“…Improved engine component designs, updated controls and optimized calibration have resulted in significant improvements in particle emissions reduction; nevertheless, the impact of the fuel and its chemical composition and physical properties must also be considered. Many researchers have been assessing the impact of the fuel properties on engine out emissions, in addition to trying to determine an appropriate correlation that would provide some predictive method of the fuels physical and chemical properties to the engine out emissions [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Impact of Fuel Properties on Particulate Number Emission of a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

Fatouraie¹,

Frommherz²,

Mosburger³

et al. 2018

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) has become the preferred technology for spark-ignition engines resulting in greater specific power output and lower fuel consumption, and consequently reduction in CO 2 emission. However, GDI engines face a substantial challenge in meeting new and future emission limits, especially the stringent particle number (PN) emissions recently introduced in Europe and China. Studies have shown that the fuel used by a vehicle has a significant impact on engine out emissions. In this study, nine fuels with varying chemical composition and physical properties were tested on a modern turbocharged side-mounted GDI engine with design changes to reduce particulate emissions. The fuels tested included four fuels meeting US certification requirements; two fuels meeting European certification requirements; and one fuel meeting China 6 certification requirements being proposed at the time of this work. Two risk safeguard fuels (RSG), representing the properties of worst case market fuels in Europe and China, were also included. The particle number concentration of the solid particulates was measured in the engine-out exhaust flow at steady state engine operations with load and speed sweeps, and semi-transient load steps. The test results showed a factor of 6 PN emission difference among all certification fuels tested. Combined with detailed fuel analyses, this study evaluated important factors (such as oxygenates, carbon chain length and thermo-physical properties) that cause PN emissions which were not included in PMI index. A linear regression was performed to develop a PN predictive model which showed improved fitting quality than using PMI.

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“…When blended with gasoline, methanol reduces the final boiling point of the fuel, potentially promoting spray evaporation (and hence reducing PN emissions) however the increased ∆H vap and high volatility (leading to possible flash evaporation) may lead to poor mixture preparation and potentially higher levels of PN emissions. With such a mixed effect, as might be expected, studies on PN emissions from methanol-gasoline blends have again showed mixed results [141,[152][153][154].…”

Section: Impact Of Methanol Fuel Blends On Gdi Pm Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Wang et al [138] reported that compared with gasoline, methanol blends (M15, M25, and M40) reduced PN emissions from 33.2-40.2%. On the other hand, Safwan et al [153] investigated the impact of M15 methanol/gasoline blends in a single cylinder GDI Engine. They reported that methanol fuel blend (M15) does not correlated to consistently lower levels of PN emissions from GDI engine.…”

Section: Impact Of Methanol Fuel Blends On Gdi Pm Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

et al. 2018

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Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly Particle Number (PN) emissions, have been studied intensively in both academia and industry because of the adverse effects of ultrafine PM emissions on human health and other environmental concerns. GDI engines are known to emit a higher number of PN emissions (on an engine-out basis) than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines, due to the reduced mixture homogeneity in GDI engines. Euro 6 emission standards have been introduced in Europe (and similarly in China) to limit PN emissions from GDI engines. This article summarises the current state of research in GDI PN emissions (engine-out) including a discussion of PN formation, and the characteristics of PN emissions from GDI engines. The effect of key GDI engine operating parameters is analysed, including air-fuel ratio, ignition and injection timing, injection pressure, and EGR; in addition the effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions is explored, including the effect of oxygenate components such as ethanol.

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Spray Behaviour and Particulate Matter Emissions with M15 Methanol/Gasoline Blends in a GDI Engine

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

A New Method for Measuring Fuel Flow in an Individual Injection in Real Time

A New Method for Measuring Fuel Flow in an Individual Injection in Real Time

Investigation of the Impact of Fuel Properties on Particulate Number Emission of a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

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