Spotlight on avian coronaviruses

Ferdous

et al. 2021

Viruses

Diverse coronavirus (CoV) strains can infect both humans and animals and produce various diseases. CoVs have caused three epidemics and pandemics in the last two decades, and caused a severe impact on public health and the global economy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the emergence and evolution of endemic and emerging CoV diversity in humans and animals. For diverse bird species, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a significant one, whereas feline enteric and canine coronavirus, recombined to produce feline infectious peritonitis virus, infects wild cats. Bovine and canine CoVs have ancestral relationships, while porcine CoVs, especially SADS-CoV, can cross species barriers. Bats are considered as the natural host of diverse strains of alpha and beta coronaviruses. Though MERS-CoV is significant for both camels and humans, humans are nonetheless affected more severely. MERS-CoV cases have been reported mainly in the Arabic peninsula since 2012. To date, seven CoV strains have infected humans, all descended from animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are presumed to be originated in Rhinolopoid bats that severely infect humans with spillover to multiple domestic and wild animals. Emerging alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in pets and wild animals. Still, the intermediate hosts and all susceptible animal species remain unknown. SARS-CoV-2 might not be the last CoV to cross the species barrier. Hence, we recommend developing a universal CoV vaccine for humans so that any future outbreak can be prevented effectively. Furthermore, a One Health approach coronavirus surveillance should be implemented at human-animal interfaces to detect novel coronaviruses before emerging to humans and to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.

Section: Coronavirus Diversity In Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife

Ferdous

et al. 2021

Viruses

“…According to the ICTV 2018, all γ-CoVs from any bird species are considered avian coronaviruses (ACoVs) regardless of the host, tropism, antigenicity, cross protection, and genome identity. The ACoVs includes several subspecies, such as IBV, guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), duck coronavirus (DCoV), and pheasant coronavirus (PhCoV) [34,35]. However, this classification failed to establish a standard classification scheme that may collect all TCoVs into one genotypic relationship [36].…”

Section: Avian Coronavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Shehata

Attia

Rahman

et al. 2022

Animals

In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.

“…Viruses in the beta-CoV group don't cause infection in poultry, while avian CoV, grouped in Gamma-coronavirus, do not affect humans [26]. According to de Wit and Cook [27], gamma-and delta-CoV are found in birds. There is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 will affect poultry [28][29].…”

Section: Association Of Covid-19 With Infectious Bronchitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If birds are properly vaccinated and protective measures are adopted timely, IBV load in the trachea decreases drastically [31] reducing secondary pathogen attack. Viruses are also excreted in uric acid from the kidneys and in droppings [27]. Contaminated and wet litter not only causes viral transmission from flock to flock but sticks with caretaker personnel shoes and clothing [3] inviting other viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Bronchitis: A Moving Target for Commercial Poultry Industry

2021

Sci. Lett.

The poultry industry is one of the most efficient and flourishing sectors of agriculture that not only provides cheaper protein (eggs, meat) but also contributes heavily to the country's economy. There are several challenges faced by the poultry industry worldwide. Among all these challenges, disease management has been a major problem. Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are RNA-based viruses having high recombination and mutation rates. IBVs are gamma coronaviruses affecting the upper respiratory tract of chickens. Due to the high rate of mutation and recombination, IBVs are very difficult to properly diagnose and control. Some serotype IBVs are extremely resistant, causing high economic losses in the form of excessive use of antibiotics after the eruption of secondary pathogens and mortality, but some serotype IBVs are limited to morbidity losses only. There are some control methods for IBVs and practicing effective vaccination and biosecurity measures is highly recommended. Exposure of IBVs to chicken flock postulates gateway to secondary pathogens, which also pass on to coming generations. This review paper provides updated research tools and methods to diagnose and control IBVs.