Sporulation in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. Effect of medium on the form of chromosome replication and on initiation to sporulation in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>

Mandelstam, J.; Sterlini, J. M.; Kay, D.

doi:10.1042/bj1250635

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, if the cell enters the sporulation program with more than 2 chromosomal copies, it may produce spores with multiple chromosomes or with twin spores, with one spore located at each cell pole (426). To avoid these outcomes, B. subtilis couples the process of sporulation to DNA replication (234,235). Such coupling provides a brief window during the cell cycle in which sporulation can be initiated.…”

Section: Coupling Development To Dna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

Lenhart

Schroeder

Walsh

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

148

155

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SUMMARY From microbes to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, all cells contain pathways responsible for genome maintenance. DNA replication allows for the faithful duplication of the genome, whereas DNA repair pathways preserve DNA integrity in response to damage originating from endogenous and exogenous sources. The basic pathways important for DNA replication and repair are often conserved throughout biology. In bacteria, high-fidelity repair is balanced with low-fidelity repair and mutagenesis. Such a balance is important for maintaining viability while providing an opportunity for the advantageous selection of mutations when faced with a changing environment. Over the last decade, studies of DNA repair pathways in bacteria have demonstrated considerable differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Here we review and discuss the DNA repair, genome maintenance, and DNA damage checkpoint pathways of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We present their molecular mechanisms and compare the functions and regulation of several pathways with known information on other organisms. We also discuss DNA repair during different growth phases and the developmental program of sporulation. In summary, we present a review of the function, regulation, and molecular mechanisms of DNA repair and mutagenesis in Gram-positive bacteria, with a strong emphasis on B. subtilis.

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Section: Coupling Development To Dna Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

Lenhart

Schroeder

Walsh

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

148

155

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“…The experiments of Mandelstam et al (1971) established a relationship between DNA replication and induction of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. They showed that thymine deprivation in thymine auxotrophs resulted in inhibition of sporulation and of the associated biochemical events such as production of extracellular proteases, ribonuclease and alkaline phosphatase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Sporulation by DNA Gyrase Inhibitors

Vázquez‐Ramos

Mandelstam

1981

Microbiology

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The effects of oxolinic acid and novobiocin -which respectively inhibit the A and B subunits of DNA gyrase, and therefore inhibit DNA synthesis -have been examined in sporulating cultures of Bacillus subtilis. Although both inhibitors prevent sporulation, this is not due to inhibition of DNA synthesis. Instead, they affect protein synthesis generally, though weakly, but have very marked effects on the formation of individual enzymes. These effects are reproducible, but the type of enzyme that will be affected is not predictable. The results point to an involvement of DNA gyrase in the transcription of some genes. This is suggested as the reason for the effect of the inhibitors on spore formation, which they block mainly at Stage 0-1. I N T R O D U C T I O NThe experiments of Mandelstam et al. (1971) established a relationship between DNA replication and induction of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. They showed that thymine deprivation in thymine auxotrophs resulted in inhibition of sporulation and of the associated biochemical events such as production of extracellular proteases, ribonuclease and alkaline phosphatase. Later, Dunn et al. (1978) showed that 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)uracil (HPUra), a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase I11 (Gass et al., 1973) stopped sporulation if the inhibitor was added at the time when sporulation was induced, and that the cell population escaped progressively from the effect of the inhibitor as the cells completed chromosome replication.Other inhibitors have recently been shown to have a preferential effect on DNA synthesis, e.g. novobiocin, oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. All these affect the action of the enzyme DNA gyrase (Gellert et al., 1977), which controls the extent of supercoiling of DNA and which is necessary for DNA replication ( In this paper the effects of DNA gyrase inhibitors on sporulation are compared with those produced by HPUra. The results show that inhibition of sporulation by gyrase inhibitors cannot be accounted for by their effect on DNA synthesis and is more likely to result from an effect on RNA synthesis. M E T H O D SOrganisms. Bacillus subtilis NiI, a derivative of strain 168trpC2, was used in most of the experiments. It is auxotrophic for thymine and tryptophan and carries a defective PBSX phage in its genome which does not induce lysis of the cells (Karamata, 1968). Bacillus subtilis 168 trpC2 (Marburg) was used for electron microscopy experiments because it sporulates better than strain NiI. It requires tryptophan for growth.

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“…During transformation of B. subtilis a single strand of donor DNA integrates into the recipient chromosome, forming a heteroduplex (Dubnau, 1976). For spore formation there is an obligatory period of DNA synthesis after the start of sporulation in which most of the chromosome needs to be replicated (Mandelstam et al, 1971;Dunn et al, 1978). This replication is completed before formation of the asymmetrically sited spore division septum (Ryter & Aubert, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Different Sites of Expression for spo Loci by Transformation of Bacillus subtilis

Lencastre¹,

Piggot

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

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377Asporogenous mutants of Bacillus subtilis were rendered capable of forming heat-resistant spores by transformation with wild-type (spo+) DNA at, or near, the start of sporulation. For several mutants up to about 50% of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores, formed as a result of the transformation, remained genetically asporogenous (spo). This was thought to indicate that the genome of the mother cell, but not that of the forespore, was transformed to spo+ and that correct expression of the spo locus in the mother cell was sufficient for spore formation. At the end of the process the mother cell was destroyed, leaving a mature heat-resistant spore that was genetically asporogenous. It is concluded that the loci spoIIID, spoIVA, spo VB and spo VE are expressed in the mother cell. For one mutant more than 99 % of the colonies derived from heat-resistant spores were genetically spo+. It is concluded that the locus involved, spoVA, had to be expressed in the forespore. Thus different sporulation-specific loci are expressed in the mother cell and in the forespore. The loci expressed in the mother cell are expressed in one cell type so that another cell type, the forespore, can develop into a heat-resistant spore.Other unselected donor markers could be introduced into the recipient during transformation provided high concentrations of DNA were used. The frequency of congression was the same for spo survivors as for spo+ survivors. This implies that there was no correlation between the DNA strand into which the selected spo+ and the unselected donor markers integrated.

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Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Effect of medium on the form of chromosome replication and on initiation to sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Cited by 36 publications

References 11 publications

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

Inhibition of Sporulation by DNA Gyrase Inhibitors

Identification of Different Sites of Expression for spo Loci by Transformation of Bacillus subtilis

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