Sports Skill Classification, Gender, and Perceptual Style

Brady, Frank

doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.2.611

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…As such, there are greater cognitive demands and greater practice with some aspects of cognitive function that includes visuospatial ability, information-processing speed, multi-tasking flexibility, and other executive functions such as working memory and inhibitory control (Di Russo et al, 2010; Tsai et al, 2016, 2017). In contrast, CSE is performed in a predictable and stable environment in which participants are less likely to be exposed to multi-sensory stimuli than in OSE (Brady, 1995; Di Russo et al, 2010). CSE thus offers relatively less cognition guidance toward accomplishing a challenging goal or coordinating the body to execute complex movements (Di Russo et al, 2010; Tsai et al, 2016, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, exercise modes can be classified into open skill exercise (OSE) and closed skill exercise (CSE) (Di Russo et al, 2010; Dai et al, 2013; Tsai and Wang, 2015; Tsai et al, 2016, 2017). OSEs (e.g., table tennis, tennis, squash, basketball, or boxing) involve unpredictable environments, active decision making, and ongoing adaptability in which participants must alter responses to randomly occurring external stimuli (Brady, 1995; Di Russo et al, 2010; Wang et al, 2013a). OSEs are predominantly perceptual and externally paced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, CSEs (e.g., running, swimming, cycling, golf, or archery) are performed in a relatively stable and predictable environment in which motor movements follow set patterns. CSE skills tend to be self-paced, as there are fewer cognitive demands and decision-making requirements (Brady, 1995; Di Russo et al, 2010; Wang et al, 2013a). In the context of this conceptual framework, researchers have investigated the associations of OSE and CSE with cognitive function among participants in different age groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Open Versus Closed Skill Exercise on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background Exercise modes can be divided into open skill exercise (OSE) and closed skill exercise (CSE). While research has shown that these two exercise modes may have different effects on cognitive function, this possibility has not been systematically reviewed. Objective The purpose of the present review was to objectively evaluate the research literature regarding the effects of OSE versus CSE on cognitive function. Methods Six electronic databases (Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception dates to December 2018 for studies examining the associations of OSE and CSE with cognitive function. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant search items related to exercise modes (i.e., OSE and CSE) and cognitive function. Articles were limited to human studies in all age groups. Both intervention and observational studies with full text published in English-language peer-reviewed journals were considered eligible. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessment were carried out independently by two researchers. Results A total of 1,573 articles were identified. Fourteen observational and five intervention studies met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of the 14 observational studies found that OSE benefits cognitive function, and seven of these 14 observational studies supported superior effects of OSE compared with CSE for enhancing cognitive function. Three of the five intervention studies found that OSE (versus CSE) led to greater improvements in cognitive function in both children and older adults. Conclusion Although the majority of studies in this review were observational cross-sectional designs, the review tends to support that OSE is more effective for improving some aspects of cognitive function compared with CSE. More rigorous randomized control trials with long-term follow-ups are needed in order to confirm these differential cognitive effects of the two exercise modes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Open Versus Closed Skill Exercise on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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“…Field independent compared to field dependent individuals have higher levels of PA and sports participation, and are seen as possessing greater sports potential ( Liu and Chepyator-Thomson, 2008 , 2009 ), more advanced motor comptency and motor coordination ( Meek and Skubic, 1971 ; Golomer et al, 1999 ) and greater ability to learn novel motor tasks ( Hodgson et al, 2010 ). Finally, more athletes are field independent than non-athletes ( Brady, 1995 ). Most of the studies reviewed examined SVV using the mechanical rod and frame test with a visual angle of 28 degrees ( Oltman, 1968 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Accuracy in Predicting Direction of Gravitational Vertical and Academic Performance and Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren

et al. 2018

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Enhanced levels of cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are both positively associated with health and academic outcomes, but less is known about the spatial processing and perceptual components of PA. Perception of vertical (PV) is a spatial orientation ability that is important for PA, and is usually measured as relative accuracy in aligning an object to gravitational vertical against a tilted background. However, evidence is inconclusive regarding the relationship of PV to educational outcomes – most importantly, numeracy. Students were recruited from primary schools in the Australian Capital Territory. A group of 341 (females n = 162, mean age 11.3 years) children performed all the tests required for this study. A computerised rod and frame test of PV employing a small (20°) visual angle was administered, and socio-economic status (SES), national education test results (NAPLAN, 2010), and CRF and PA data were collected. Correlation and hierarchical regression analysis were used to examine the inter-relationships between PV and CRF, PA, SES and NAPLAN results. The two extreme quartile score groups from the measures of PV, PA and CRF were examined in relation to NAPLAN scores. PV scores arising from testing with a small visual angle and SES were found to be significantly associated with overall academic scores, and with the Numeracy, Reading, and Writing components of academic performance. Female gender was significantly associated with Writing score, and male with Numeracy score. Being less influenced by the background tilted frame, and therefore having visual field independence (FI), was associated with significantly higher academic scores, with the largest effect in Numeracy scores (effect size, d = 0.82) and also associated with higher CRF and PA levels. FI was positively associated with all the academic modules examined, and most strongly with Numeracy test results, suggesting that FI provides an indicator of STEM ability. These findings suggest that further longitudinal research into strategies designed to enhance visual FI deserve consideration, with a focus on specialized PA programs for pre-pubescent children. It is possible that small visual angle spatial tasks during PA may stimulate neural networks involved in numerical cognition.

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“…Later, there were surveys which confirmed the hypothesis that there is no difference in cognitive styles in the different sports (Drouin et. al., 1986;Brady, 1995). Suda (1999) researched cognitive styles of football players and tried to find correlation with their sport performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Styles of Elite Football Referees in Bulgaria

Ivanov¹,

Ignatov²,

Levski³

2017

Proceeding Book

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In the game of football the referee is one of the most important figures. His role is an integral part of the game. The modern game has very fast and complicated situations and the referee has to be equipped with professional skills and responsible for enforcing the laws of the game. Every second there is a lot of information on the pitch which has to be integrated. Psychologists are trying to describe this processes and to separate the different styles of information receiving and decision making. Kirton Adaption/Innovation Inventory, KAI (Kirton, 1976), adapted by S. Vasileva, 2003. The questionnaire contains 33 items: hree scales-originality, efficacy, conformity. The cognitive styles are part of the complete adaptation to the game and the preferred way of thinking in most of the game situations. The basic direction of this report is to carry out theoretical and empirical research on the cognitive styles of elite referees in Bulgaria. The main part of the report is a comparison between referees in first league, second league, U17 and U19 league. Typically the number of the referees in that study is 116. We suggest that the three styles (conformity, originality, efficiency) in this study could be different according to the experience, age and gender characteristics of the referees.

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Sports Skill Classification, Gender, and Perceptual Style

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of Open Versus Closed Skill Exercise on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review

Effects of Open Versus Closed Skill Exercise on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review

Relationships Between Accuracy in Predicting Direction of Gravitational Vertical and Academic Performance and Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren

Cognitive Styles of Elite Football Referees in Bulgaria

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