Sport‐Related Spinal Injuries and Their Prevention

Brüggemann, Gert Peter

doi:10.1002/9780470693797.ch26

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Another cause of searching for safe exercises to strengthen muscles that stabilize the vertebral column is that the problem of LBP affects an increasing number of persons in adult populations (ca. 31-40%) and the majority of pain occurs in the younger age groups -25-40 years of age [5,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External torque as a factor to modify load in abdominal curl-up exercises

Rutkowska-Kucharska

Szpala

2015

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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SummaryStudy aim: the aim of our study was to evaluate electromyography (EMG) activity in exercises where the load to the muscles is determined by the external torque. In a part of the exercises, we changed the value of the external force, while in the other we modified the length of the lever arm at which the force was applied. Material and methods: the study was carried out on a group of 12 subjects (21 ± 2 years, 61 ± 4.8 mass, 172 ± 5 cm height). Electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis (RA) muscle was evaluated by recording the EMG signal. The length of the lever arm of the external force was changed by using four different positions of the upper limbs, whereas the magnitude of the external force was changed through adding the weights of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg. The data recorded were normalized with respect to EMG activity measured under maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) conditions. Results: it was found that the change of the lever arm at which the force was applied (any change in the position of the upper limbs) causes a change in EMG activity in each part of the RA muscle from ca. 50% to ca. 100% MVC (p < 0.001). Further, the change in the external load changes statistically significantly the EMG activity only in the left upper part of the RA muscle (p < 0.05). Conclusions: activity in the RA muscle that increased for longer lever arms of the external force, offers opportunities for changing the load used during the exercise in a manner that is safe for the vertebral column.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

External torque as a factor to modify load in abdominal curl-up exercises

Rutkowska-Kucharska

Szpala

2015

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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“…Therefore, we focused on movements unique to gymnastics, which are rare in other sports. Bru ¨ggemann 5 reported that during a giant swing on uneven bars or the high bar before a Tkatchev release, shear force at L5-S1 is approximately 4-fold the body weight of a gymnast. Average compressive landing forces at the L5-S1 segment in a gymnast's spine have been calculated as 11.6-and 14.8-fold their body weight for forward and backward saltos, respectively.…”

Section: Mechanisms That May Cause Apophyseal Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Average landing shear forces at the L5-S1 segment have also been calculated as 1.4-and 2.2-fold the body weight of a gymnast for forward and backward saltos, respectively. 5 In other words, L5-S1 of the spine in gymnasts is constantly subjected to large shear and compressive forces, and these biomechanical properties may be associated with apophyseal abnormalities.…”

Section: Mechanisms That May Cause Apophyseal Abnormalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Lumbar Spondylolytic Spondylolisthesis With the Incidence and Prognosis of Anterior Ring Apophyseal Abnormalities of the Vertebrae in Young Gymnasts

Urushibara

Kawasaki

Aihara

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Although anterior apophyseal abnormalities of the vertebrae and spondylolytic spondylolisthesis (SS) are prevalent in gymnasts during growth spurts, no studies have examined the relationship between apophyseal abnormalities and SS. Hypothesis: A significant relationship will exist between anterior apophyseal abnormalities and SS in young gymnasts. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 306 gymnasts (123 male, 183 female; age range, 6-28 years) with >2 weeks of back pain were enrolled in this study. Apophyseal abnormalities were evaluated using radiography. In the primary analysis, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the odds ratio (OR) for multivariate factors (age, body mass index, sex, skeletal maturity, competitive level, and presence of spondylolysis or SS) influencing the incidence of apophyseal abnormalities. In the secondary analysis, 90 of the 306 gymnasts were followed up radiographically for a minimum of 2 years, and factors contributing to the worsening of apophyseal abnormalities were identified. Results: In the primary analysis, the chi-square test revealed a relationship between anterior ring apophyseal abnormalities and SS at the L5-S1 segment (OR, 7.6). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of SS at L5-S1 (OR, 9.5) and competitive level (international: OR, 6.7; national: OR, 4.5) correlated with the incidence of apophyseal abnormalities. The secondary analysis identified the presence of SS at L5-S1 (OR, 5.9) as a significant factor contributing to the worsening of apophyseal abnormalities. Conclusion: The presence of SS was a factor affecting the incidence and prognosis of anterior apophyseal abnormalities.

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