Sport arbitration as an emergent process in a complex system: Decision-making variability is a marker of expertise in national-level football referees

Abstract

This study examined the experiential knowledge of eight Australian national-level football referees (3.2 yrs mean national-level experience) about the notion of consistent decisionmaking during competitive matches. Using a grounded theory approach, the analysis revealed that participants view 'consistency' as context-dependent, rather than a rigid process of uniformly responding to isolated foul-play transgressions with putatively correct responses.Our results present two key conceptual abstractions -'referential and game dependent' and 'purpose and context'as a framework for understanding referee decision-making consistency. Data indicated that these performance intentions for consistency directed referee attention (attunement) to key contextual information that is necessary to prospectively control player behaviours and thus, the emergent trajectory of each game. Results support the view that consistent decision-making performance is an emergent process defined by the decisionmaking actions of the referee, and exploitation of specifying contextual game factors. Our discussion outlines how this process can be understood as dynamical transactions within a complex system (i.e. competitive football game), in which varying decision-making responses to superficially similar incidents is a marker of expertise, rather than inconsistency. These findings draw attention to the limitations of isolated foul-play video assessment for training and advocate for more representative game opportunities for referees to practice making decisions with key contextual information sources present. Future research could explore how significantly specific performance goals and contextual factors interact to shape emergent decision-making choices across different sports.

The effect of progressive exercise prescription for group exercise guidance for Taiwan seniors and Integrated Care for old People: Post-event movement observation

“…They have extensive experience in technical examinations, such as various sports that require subjective judgment and scoring, such as gymnastics, skating, diving, ball games, martial arts, etc. ( Dosseville et al, 2011 , Lee, 2008 , Russell et al, 2022 , Waguespack and Salomon, 2016 ), there are still public rules and evaluation indicators, so the scoring reliability among the four experts needs to be analyzed through ICC. The reliability of each indicator in this study is 0.73 ∼ 0.94; only One indicator (interval-cardiopulmonary training) has “moderate” reliability, and the remaining indicators are all “better” or above.…”

Research on Intelligent Recognition and Verification System of Football Offside Penalty Based on Artificial Intelligence

“…3, the image acquisition area overlaps. The traditional multi-layer image segmentation technique based on image Mosaic has some disadvantages such as complicated operation and complex operation [10]. This project intends to use two different visual systems to recognize objects in the scene, and extract the corresponding objects from the local coordinate system of the corresponding image acquisition device.…”

Pengaruh Video Suport Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Wasit Futsal

“…Permainan futsal saat ini merupakan suatu permainan yang dinamis memainkan permainan dengan cepat dan diwaktu yang tepat, dengan kata lain cepatnya permainan adalah suatu proses sengejaan yang diciptakan oleh tim untuk mencapai tujuan permainan. Cepatnya proses permainan akan membutuhkan kepetapan pula dari seluruh elemen pertandingan, tidak hanya pemain, pelatih, bahkan juga wasit (Russell et al, 2020), dimana wasit harus betul betul konsentrasi selama permainan berlangsung.…”