Sporotrichosis: an emergent zoonosis in Rio de Janeiro

Mb, de Lima Barros; Tm, Schubach; Mc, Galhardo; A, de Oliviera Schubach; Pc, Monteiro; Rs, Reis; Rm, Zancopé-Oliveira; M, dos Santos Lazéra; Cuzzi-Maya, Tullia; Tc, Blanco; Kb, Marzochi; Wanke, Bodo; Ac, do Valle

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762001000600006

Cited by 108 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…It should be emphasized that the values obtained for the iso-lates from cats indicated resistance to itraconazole. This was attributed to the high frequency of serious forms with systemic dissemination of sporotrichosis among cats, and, because of the scarce data available on the use of azole derivatives in the treatment of animal sporotrichosis, no comparison of the data obtained here was possible (2,16).…”

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to Itraconazole and Terbinafine

et al. 2004

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Thirty isolates of the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii were evaluated for in vitro susceptibility to itraconazole and terbinafine by the recommended NCCLS modified technique (M27-A2). The MICs of itraconazole obtained oscillated between 0.062 and 4.0 g/ml, and those of terbinafine oscillated between 0.007 and 0.50 g/ml; therefore, terbinafine showed greater in vitro activity.Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic infection affecting both animals and humans and is characterized by nodular cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, which may involve the adjacent lymphatic system, which suppurates and drains (1,20).Itraconazole is currently considered the treatment of choice to treat the diverse clinical manifestations of sporotrichosis (13,14,17,18). On the other hand terbinafine by virtue of its excellent in vitro and in vivo activity is under comparative evaluation for its therapeutic potential for a wide range of fungal infections (4,6,8,11,21,22).Promising in vitro results with terbinafine for both the fixed and the lymphocutaneous forms of sporotrichosis due to the fungus Sporothrix schenckii (10,11,21) are being compared and confirmed clinically (4,8,10,19).In this study, our objective was to determine the in vitro efficacy of terbinafine against isolates of Sporothrix schenckii by the technique of macrodilution in a liquid medium (NCCLS M27-A2) (15) adapted for dimorphic fungi.Thirty strains of Sporothrix schenckii, including 2 reference isolates (ATCC 201679 and M527-88), 18 human clinical isolates, and 10 animal isolates (9 from cats and 1 from a horse) were included in this study. All the samples were isolated from clinical specimens, identified by micromorphological characteristics and demonstration of typical dimorphism. They were maintained in brain heart infusion (BHI) solid medium-0.5% glucose at a controlled temperature of 4°C, with replication onto new medium at 6-month intervals, and converted to the yeast form through successive passages in BHI solid medium and incubation at 35°C. Quality control (QC) strains Candida krusei (ATCC 6258) and Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) were tested in parallel and were inhibited by MICs at the correct range for the antifungal tested (itraconazole) (15). The MIC range of terbinafine for the QC Candida strains has not yet been established by the NCCLS.Susceptibility tests were conducted using a technique of macrodilution in a liquid medium in accordance with the NCCLS protocol (M27-A2) (15), adapted for dimorphic fungi to include a 5-day incubation period to compensate for the sluggish growth of the yeast phase of Sporothrix schenckii, which requires 5 days to reach exponential growth (3, 7) and the addition of glucose to the medium (20 g/liter). The inoculum was prepared spectrophotometrically (520 nm, 60% of transmittance) to reach approximately 1 ϫ 10 6 to 5 ϫ 10 6 CFU/ml, at an incubation temperature of 35°C.The drugs itraconazole (Janssen Pharmaceutical, Beerse, Belgium) and terbinafine (Novartis Research Institute, Vienna, Austria) were obtained in their pur...

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to Itraconazole and Terbinafine

et al. 2004

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“…A doença vem se tornando um problema de saúde pública no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em razão do aumento significativo de casos em seres humanos nos últimos anos 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 .…”

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“…Embora muitos estudos tenham sido desenvolvidos sobre o tema nesse estado 2,3,4,6,7,9,10 , esta é a primeira vez em que uma abordagem espacial é utilizada para avaliar o problema. 22 .…”

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Esporotricose urbana: epidemia negligenciada no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

et al. 2012

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“…Sporotrichosis is commonly observed in felines (Felis catus), and zoonotic outbreaks have been reported. A 1998-2010 outbreak of 3,244 cases of sporotrichosis in cats, 120 cases in dogs, and 2,200 cases in humans occurred in Brazil, suggesting a sharp increase in human cases correlated with one in domestic cats (12,18,19). In the outbreak region of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), S. brasiliensis proved to be overwhelmingly prevalent among cats and humans (20); however, the population structure, epidemiology, and emergence of these pathogens have not been elucidated.…”

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Asexual Propagation of a Virulent Clone Complex in a Human and Feline Outbreak of Sporotrichosis

et al. 2015

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Sporotrichosis is one of the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infections in humans and animals caused by members of the plant-associated, dimorphic genus Sporothrix. Three of the four medically important Sporothrix species found in Brazil have been considered asexual as no sexual stage has ever been reported in Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, or Sporothrix globosa. We have identified the mating type (MAT) loci in the S. schenckii (strain 1099-18/ATCC MYA-4821) and S. brasiliensis (strain 5110/ATCC MYA-4823) genomes by using comparative genomic approaches to determine the mating type ratio in these pathogen populations. Our analysis revealed the presence of a MAT1-1 locus in S. schenckii while a MAT1-2 locus was found in S. brasiliensis representing genomic synteny to other Sordariomycetes. Furthermore, the components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-pheromone pathway, pheromone processing enzymes, and meiotic regulators have also been identified in the two pathogens, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction. The ratio of MAT1-1 to MAT1-2 was not significantly different from 1:1 for all three Sporothrix species, but the population of S. brasiliensis in the outbreaks originated from a single mating type. We also explored the population genetic structure of these pathogens using sequence data of two loci to improve our knowledge of the pattern of geographic distribution, genetic variation, and virulence phenotypes. Population genetics data showed significant population differentiation and clonality with a low level of haplotype diversity in S. brasiliensis isolates from different regions of sporotrichosis outbreaks in Brazil. In contrast, S. schenckii isolates demonstrated a high degree of genetic variability without significant geographic differentiation, indicating the presence of recombination. This study demonstrated that two species causing the same disease have contrasting reproductive strategies and genetic variability patterns.

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Sporotrichosis: an emergent zoonosis in Rio de Janeiro

Cited by 108 publications

References 9 publications

In Vitro Susceptibilities of Isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to Itraconazole and Terbinafine

In Vitro Susceptibilities of Isolates of Sporothrix schenckii to Itraconazole and Terbinafine

Esporotricose urbana: epidemia negligenciada no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Asexual Propagation of a Virulent Clone Complex in a Human and Feline Outbreak of Sporotrichosis

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