Sporotrichosis: An Emergent Disease

Carlos, Iracilda Zeppone; Batista-Duharte, Alexander

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11912-0_1

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…The exact prevalence of sporotrichosis is unknown due to its lack of reportable disease status. However, the disease has been reported in a wide range of countries, including the United States, South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru), South Africa, Asia (China, India, Japan), and Australia (Chakrabarti et al, 2015;Carlos and Batista-Duharte, 2015). After a pioneer study that was conducted by Beurmann and Gougerot involving 250 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis in France (Beurmann and Gougerot, 1912), the number of cases has decreased drastically in Europe, and currently, only sporadic cases have been recently reported in some countries such as Spain, Italy and Portugal (Carlos and Batista-Duharte, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the disease has been reported in a wide range of countries, including the United States, South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru), South Africa, Asia (China, India, Japan), and Australia (Chakrabarti et al, 2015;Carlos and Batista-Duharte, 2015). After a pioneer study that was conducted by Beurmann and Gougerot involving 250 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis in France (Beurmann and Gougerot, 1912), the number of cases has decreased drastically in Europe, and currently, only sporadic cases have been recently reported in some countries such as Spain, Italy and Portugal (Carlos and Batista-Duharte, 2015). Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato, the etiologic agent of sporotrichosis, is a complex of at least four pathogenic species that include Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei (de Beer et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice

et al. 2018

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Little is known about the differences in the CD4þ T-cell response induced by Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent species that cause sporotrichosis. Here, the helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses were evaluated comparatively in a murine model of sporotrichosis on days 7, 21 and 35 after subcutaneous infection with either S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis conidia. The fungal load was measured at the site of infection, as well as in the liver and spleen. The Th1/Th17/Tregs responses were analyzed in the spleen, while the level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A and IL-10 cytokines were measured at the local site of infection on 24 h postinfections and in sera on the indicated days. S. brasiliensis caused a longer-lasting infection in the skin and chronic systemic dissemination associated to more severe granulomatous lesions. Similar Th1/Th1-Th17/Tregs responses were induced by both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii on 7th and 21st d.p.i but on 35 d.p.i a reduction of Th1 and Th1-Th17 cells, associated to higher values of Th17/Tregs cells was observed only in S. brasiliensis-infected mice. In summary, S. brasiliensis caused a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17/Tregs responses than S. schenckii in mice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice

et al. 2018

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“…Sporotrichosis is an emergent subcutaneous mycosis in tropical and subtropical regions, with isolated cases and outbreaks reported worldwide [1,2]. The disease is caused by different Sporothrix species, which are ubiquitous environmental saprophytes that can be isolated from soil and plant debris.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice

Portuondo

Batista-Duharte

Ferreira

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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Sporotrichosis is an important zoonosis in Brazil and the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, caused by different Sporothrix species. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to prevent this disease. In this study, the efficacy and toxicity of the adjuvant Montanide™ Pet Gel A (PGA) formulated with S. schenckii cell wall proteins (ssCWP) was evaluated and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide (AH). Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous doses (1st and 14th days) of either the unadjuvanted or adjuvanted vaccine candidates. On the 21st day, anti-ssCWP antibody levels (ELISA), the phagocytic index, as well as the ex vivo release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by splenocytes and IL-12 by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Cytotoxicity of the vaccine formulations was evaluated in vitro and by histopathological analysis of the inoculation site. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations increased anti-ssCWP IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels, although IgG2a levels were higher in response to PGA+CWP100, probably contributing to the increase in S. schenckii yeast phagocytosis by macrophages in the opsonophagocytosis assay when using serum from PGA+CWP100-immunized mice. Immunization with AH+CWP100 led to a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 ex vivo cytokine release profile, while PGA+CWP100 stimulated a preferential Th1/Th2 profile. Moreover, PGA+CWP100 was less cytotoxic in vitro, caused less local toxicity and led to a similar reduction in fungal load in the liver and spleen of S. schenckii- or S. brasiliensis-challenged mice as compared with AH+CWP100. These results suggest that PGA may be an effective and safe adjuvant for a future sporotrichosis vaccine.

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“…Several molecular methods for the identification of the different Sporothrix species were applied, and these were aimed at different targets such as the protein-coding genes calmodulin ( CAL ), β-tubulin ( Bt2 ) and chitin-synthase 1 ( CHS1 ), the 18S rDNA, and the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) [ 1 , 16 ] ( Table 1 ) [ 9 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The DNA data from three different loci ( CAL , Bt2 , and CHS ) of Sporothrix were analyzed and used to group the isolates into six putative cryptic species with a degree of geographical specificity.…”

Section: Sporothrix Schenckii Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity and Treatment of Sporotrichosis

Carnero

Pérez

Hernández

et al. 2018

JoF

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Species of the Sporothrix complex are the etiological agents of sporotrichosis, an important subcutaneous mycosis with several clinical forms and an increasing incidence around the world that affects humans and other mammals. The immunological mechanisms involved in the prevention and control of this mycosis are not entirely understood. Many reports have suggested that cell-mediated immunity has an essential role in the development of the disease, being the primary response controlling it, while only recent data supports that the humoral response is essential for the appropriate control. This mycosis is a challenge for diagnosis since the culture and isolation of the organism are time-consuming and complicated; reasons that have led to the study of fungus antigenic molecules capable of generating a detectable humoral response. The treatment for this disease includes the use of several antifungal drugs like itraconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and the combination between them among others such as the extract of Vismia guianensis.

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Sporotrichosis: An Emergent Disease

Cited by 15 publications

References 112 publications

Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice

Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice

Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice

Immunity and Treatment of Sporotrichosis

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