Sporopollenin in the Spore Wall of Spirogyra (Zygnemataceae, Chlorophyceae)

Vries, P. J. R. De; Simons, J.; Beem, A.P. van

doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1983.tb01674.x

Cited by 37 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Sporopollenin, a class of compounds derived from fatty acid and phenylpropanoid precursors, is responsible for the persistence of spores and pollens in the fossil record (reviewed by Wiermann and Gubatz 1992, Scott 1994), although proteins are also important components of pollen walls (Ehox 1971, Chay et al 1992). Sporopollenin has also been reported in a wide variety of free-living green algae (Atkinson et al 1972, Staehelin and Pickett-Heaps 1975, Good and Chapman 1978, Porcella and Walne 1980, deVries et al 1983, in the parasitic alga Protothecu wicherhumii (Puel et al 1987), in the green algal symbionts of lichens (Honegger and Brunner 1981), in the cysts of dinoflagellates (Evitt 1985), and in the charophycean algae that are most closely related to the terrestrial land plants (Delwiche et al 1989, reviewed by Graham 1993.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

VanWinkle‐Swift

Rickoll

1997

Journal of Phycology

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Chlamydomonas monoica Strehlow is being developed as a model for genetic analysis of zygospore morphogenesis, and many relevant mutant strains are available. To provide the basis for interpreting the ultrastructural phenotypes of zygospore mutants, an analysis of wall morphogenesis in wildtype zygospores of C. monoica was undertaken. Following synthesis of a thick, jibrous, primary zygote wall, granular material accumulated between the plasma mmbrane and the primary zygote wall and a w egated into a repetitive array of electron-opaque jibrous stripes. A new wall layer, the outer layer of the secondary zygospore wall, first afleared as segments with a Jibrous outer su face overlying a well-dejned band of electrontranslucent material. These segments gave rise to an intact sheath adjacent to the plasma membrane. Beneath this sheath, electron-opaque matm'al cforming the inner layer of the secondary zygospore wall) accumulated unevenly and forced the surface sheath to undulate, creating a pattern of peaks and valleys that was exposed to the external environment 4 rupture and release of the primary zygote wall. The zygospore wall included material resistant to degradation b potassium hydroxide, Zaminoethanol, and acetolysis, but it was destroyed b exposure to chromic acid.These characteristics, in combination with the autojuorescence of untreated zygospore walls and their failure to stain with phloroglucinol, suggest that sporopollenin may be responsible for many of the resistant properties associated with the mature zygospore of Chlamydomonas. Q index words: Chlamydomonas monoica; sexual reproduction; sporopollenin; zygospore; zygote wall Despite their apparent simplicity, many microorganisms, including unicellular algae, undergo extensive morphological change during the course of their reproductive life cycles. In response to nitrogen limitation, Chlamydomonas vegetative cells differentiate into gametes, which acquire the ability to fuse. In C. monoica, this differentiation is homothallic, with gametes of the opposite mating type arising in clonal populations (van den Ende and VanWinkle-Swift 1994).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

VanWinkle‐Swift

Rickoll

1997

Journal of Phycology

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“…Streptophyte algaeespecially those of the ZCC gradeare noteworthy in containing cell walls with lignin-like components (Delwiche et al, 1989), a feature that resembles land plants. This is underscored by the presence of sporopollenin (see Box 1) in zygotes of Zygnematophyceae (de Vries et al, 1983), Coleochaetophyceae (Delwiche et al, 1989), and Charophyceae (Blackmore & Barnes, 1987). Furthermore, the cell wall polymer profiles of ZCC grade streptophyte algae match those of land plants more than do those of the KCM grade (Sørensen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Adaptation Vs Exaptationwhat Shaped the Land Plant Toolkit?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life

2018

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a streptophyte algal perspective on land plant trait evolution 1432 Acknowledgements 1432 ORCID 1433 References 1433 SUMMARY: Photosynthetic eukaryotes thrive anywhere there is sunlight and water. But while such organisms are exceptionally diverse in form and function, only one phototrophic lineage succeeded in rising above its substrate: the land plants (embryophytes). Molecular phylogenetic data show that land plants evolved from streptophyte algae most closely related to extant Zygnematophyceae, and one of the principal aims of plant evolutionary biology is to uncover the key features of such algae that enabled this important transition. At the present time, however, mosaic and reductive evolution blur our picture of the closest algal ancestors of plants. Here we discuss recent progress and problems in inferring the biology of the algal progenitor of the terrestrial photosynthetic macrobiome.

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“…On the other hand, in Cocco?njxa phycobionts the central electron-lucent zone of the TLS contains the resistant constituent while the two electron-dense zones are composed of a protein-like material in a polysaccharidic matrix (1 8). Furthermore, in a few cases (spore wall of Spirogjra and cyst wall of Pjranzi?nonas pseudoparkeae) the presence of an acetolysis-resistant wall material is not associated with the existence of a trilaminar structure (2,12).…”

Section: Ultrastructural Observations and Chemical Degradationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…IR spectra have been reported for the resistant material of the outer walls of numerous species of algae. However in most cases (12,13,18,19), including P. portoriceizsis (syn. P. zopjii; 3), these spectra corresponded to the resistant products isolated by acetolysis of the algal biomass.…”

Section: Ir Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

Puel¹,

Largeau

Giraud

1987

Journal of Phycology

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The occurrence of a resistant bzopoljmer termed P R P (Poljmdre Rgszstant de Prototheca), was demonstrated in the trzlamznar outer walls (TLS) of Prototheca wickerhamii Soneda and Tubakz. P R P zs located zn the two electron-dense zones of the TLS and accounts f o r ca. 0.3% of the total algal biomass. Several features of PRP (reszstance to non-oxzdatzue treatments, znsolubzlit) zn dzoxane, mode of deposztzon, LV puorescence) were prevzousl) obsertled both zn sporopolleiiiiis and zn the resistant bzopoljmer of Botryococcus braunii outer walls. Houlever, elemental composztion and I R spectra revealed ver) important structural differences betuwen the latter materzal and P R P Similar elemental composztaons, but substa ntzal differences in I R spectra, uere noted between PRP and classzcal sporopollenzns. P R P 2s probabl) derzwd f r o m the polynerzzatzon of terpenzc unzts; but, taking into account the spectroscopzc obsen!ations, these monomeric units are not carotenozds The presence of PRP zn the outer ualls of P. wickerhamii ma) be related to the drug and llsosome reszstance of thzs parasztzc speczes.Key zndex words: Botryococcus braunii resistant bzopolymer, chemical structure; elemental composztzon; znfrared spectra; Prototheca wickerhamii; reszstant bzo-6:987-1018. ABSTRACTGrazing of freshwater Rhodophjta was examined f r o m three perspectiues: observation of algal fragments i n gut contents of herbivores collected from streams with populations of red algae, measurement of ingestion rates of three inuertebrates in single diet and choice experiments ' Accepted: 10 rlugust I987.* Address for reprint requests. and analjsis of potential food tlalue of the rhodophjtes b j determining protein, carbohjdrate, lipid and estimated caloric contents. The algal thallu5 forms studied were Audouinella violacea (Kutz.) Hamel, which consists of simple $laments growing i n dense tufts, Batrachospermum virgatum (Kutz.) Sirod., which is a densely branched inucilaginousfilament, and Tuomeya americana (Ham.) Papenfuss, whach is a branched cartilaginous pseudoparenchjma. The thirteen invertebrate taxa containingpieces of one or more of these algae in their guts included two 656

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Sporopollenin in the Spore Wall of Spirogyra (Zygnemataceae, Chlorophyceae)

Cited by 37 publications

References 11 publications

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹

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Sporopollenin in the Spore Wall of Spirogyra (Zygnemataceae, Chlorophyceae)

Cited by 37 publications

References 11 publications

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN1

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN1

Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES1

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THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

THE ZYGOSPORE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA (CHLOROPHYCEAE): MORPHOGENESIS AND EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF SPOROPOLLENIN¹

OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES¹