Sporomorphs in the London Clay*

Macko, Stephan

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1961.tb06252.x

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…in the Foulden Hills Diatomite, New Zealand, from the early Miocene ( c . 20 Ma), fossil seeds from Lysimachia (possibly Lysimachia vulgaris L.) were found in middle Miocene deposits of Jutland, Denmark (Friis, 1985), floral assemblages of middle Eocene contributed to the subtropical and tropical deposits in Japan (Momohara, 2006), and Myrsinaceae fruits and sporomorphs, possibly of Ardisia , have been found in the London Clay sediments of Eocene age (54–48 Ma) (Macko, 1960; Collinson, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 2004) estimated Theophrastaceae to be 65 ± 5 Ma, and the divergence of Primulaceae and Myrsinaceae to have occurred approximately 42 ± 5 Ma. However, these estimates post‐date the Myrsinaceae fossils found in Eocene layers (52–48 Ma; Macko, 1960; Collinson, 1983), and the fossil data point to an age of Myrsinaceae exceeding 50 Ma. Still, the scarcity of fossils within Lysimachia , in which Anagallis is nested (Manns & Anderberg, 2005), makes estimates of the age of ‘tropical Anagallis ’ difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myrsinaceae fossils ( Ardisia ?) of the London Clay sediments (Macko, 1960; Collinson, 1983) indicate the presence of Myrsinaceae in the boreotropical forests present during times of thermal maxima (Tiffney, 1985; Lavin & Luckow, 1993; Tiffney & Manchester, 2001). Molecular analyses (Anderberg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, 2004). Myrsinaceae fossils in Eocene deposits (48–52 Ma) of the London Clay (Macko, 1960; Collinson, 1983) show that Myrsinaceae evolved before the NALB severed (early Eocene; Tiffney, 1985; Tiffney & Manchester, 2001). If Anagallis existed at this time, or at least before the water gaps became too wide (late Eocene or early Oligocene; Tiffney, 1985; Lavin & Luckow, 1993), the NALB could have provided a dispersal route over to North America via the British Isles and Greenland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogeography of ‘tropical Anagallis’ (Myrsinaceae) inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data

Manns

Anderberg

2010

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim ‘Tropical Anagallis’ corresponds to one of two evolutionary lineages within the genus Anagallis L. Generally, species within this lineage have a limited distribution in (sub‐)tropical regions in Africa or Madagascar. Two species, however, are endemic to South America, and exhibit a trans‐Atlantic disjunction with the rest of the species within the lineage. To investigate this disjunct distribution, as well as other dispersal events, the distribution of extant taxa was used to hypothesize the ancestral area(s) of distribution. Location Africa, Madagascar, Europe and South America. Methods Dispersal–vicariance analysis (DIVA) was used to optimize distribution areas onto parsimony and Bayesian phylogenies based on sequence data from four chloroplast loci and the nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Results Parsimony analysis gave one most parsimonious tree while Bayesian analysis resulted in a collapsed node due to alternative placements of Anagallis nummularifolia Baker, endemic to Madagascar. Optimization of the present distribution using DIVA, and the most parsimonious tree and six alternative topologies of the Bayesian analysis, show an origin of the lineage in Europe as most likely, although one topology indicates a broader ancestral distribution area. Dispersal to Africa appears to have been a single event, while two parallel dispersal events seem to have resulted in the American as well as Madagascan distributions. Main conclusions The lineage ‘tropical Anagallis’ evolved in Europe and may have been present in the Eocene boreotropical forests, although scarcity of fossils makes assessment of age difficult. Dispersal to South America is proposed to have been via the North Atlantic land bridge, or, more likely, through transport by the North Equatorial Current. Dispersal from Europe to Africa represents a single event, while dispersal to Madagascar from mainland Africa has occurred twice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%