Spontaneous vascular mineralization in the brains of cows

Yanai, Tokuma; Masegi, Toshiaki; Kawada, M.; Ishikawa, K.; Fukuda, Kazunori; Yamazoe, Kazuaki; Iwasaki, T.; Ueda, Katsumoto; Goto, Naoaki

doi:10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80053-2

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Neuronal lipofuscin pigmentation and mineralization areas (Ca ++ deposits) with free accumulation of Ca deposits in the parenchyma were similar with previous studies [8,10,11,23,27] . Additionally to these, same mineralization occurred at axons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Özsoy¹,

Haziroğlu²

2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Citation of This Article AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate age dependent pathological changes in horse brains. In the study, 10 mature horses aged between 10-16 years, 13 old horses aged between 17-21 years old and 7 young horses between 4-7 years old were examined macroscopically, histopathologically and immunohistohemically. As compared young horse brains; ventricular dilatation, satellitosis, neuronal vacuolization, status spongiosis, ventricular dilatation and ependymal undulation, calcium deposits and axonal swellings were seen in old horse brains. Immunohistochemical staining was obtained with Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), 2' ,3'-Cyclic Nucleotide 3'-Phosphodiesterase (CNPase), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), β-amyloid protein (Aβ) antibodies to indicate age related changes in brains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Özsoy¹,

Haziroğlu²

2017

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…116 In the horse, particularly calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were observed most frequently, with small quantities of other minerals including aluminum, zinc, potassium and sodium. 23,214 This mineralization increases with age in horses. 23 The deposits generally stain positively with PAS, von Kossa, and Perl's stains, indicating the presence of mucopolysaccharides, calcium, and iron salts.…”

Section: Vascular Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vascular mineralization. Mineralization (calcification, siderocalcinosis) of brain vasculature not pertaining to generalized vascular diseases is well documented in humans, 103 monkeys, 217 cows, 214 mice, 218 rats, 216 cats, 105 dogs, 47 and horses. 23,118 The clinical significance and the pathogenesis of these brain changes remains undetermined.…”

Section: Vascular Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology of the Aging Brain in Domestic and Laboratory Animals, and Animal Models of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases

et al. 2016

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According to the WHO, the proportion of people over 60 years is increasing and expected to reach 22% of total world's population in 2050. In parallel, recent animal demographic studies have shown that the life expectancy of pet dogs and cats is increasing. Brain aging is associated not only with molecular and morphological changes but also leads to different degrees of behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Common age-related brain lesions in humans include brain atrophy, neuronal loss, amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, vascular mineralization, neurofibrillary tangles, meningeal osseous metaplasia, and accumulation of lipofuscin. In aging humans, the most common neurodegenerative disorder is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which progressively impairs cognition, behavior, and quality of life. Pathologic changes comparable to the lesions of AD are described in several other animal species, although their clinical significance and effect on cognitive function are poorly documented. This review describes the commonly reported age-associated neurologic lesions in domestic and laboratory animals and the relationship of these lesions to cognitive dysfunction. Also described are the comparative interspecies similarities and differences to AD and other human neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, and the spontaneous and transgenic animal models of these diseases.

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“…4B) affects predominantly the vessels of the dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, internal capsule, and caudal nucleus, without any association with generalized vascular disease (Wohlsein et al 2013). Corpora amylacea are common in the brains of aging mammals and consist of glucose polymers ("polyglucosan bodies"); they are located within the cytoplasm of astrocytes (Hirano 1985, Garman 2011 and should be differentiated from Lafora bodies, which can also be an age-related change (Yanai et al 1994, Borras et al 1999, but these are seen in within neuronal perikaryon and axon (Minassian 2001). Those that are in the axons are difficult to differentiate from corpora amylacea because both appear to be free in the neuropil (Wohlsein et al 2013).…”

Section: Lesions Of No Clinical Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

et al. 2018

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This study stems from the findings during the gross and histopathological exam of 3,338 cattle brains as part of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) active surveillance program of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply from 2001 to 2005. The work was carried out in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria which at the time (2001-2007) was the national reference laboratory for the diagnosis of BSE and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both gross and histopathological aspects are described. Several gross aspects were annotated: anatomic normal structures not commonly recognized (non-lesions), lesions of no clinical significance, postmortem changes and artifacts; all these can amount to important pitfalls that distract the pathologist during the routine gross examination of the central nervous system (CNS). Accordingly, equivalent pitfalls were described in the histological examination. Non-lesions observed were the pineal body, embryo remnants such as the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, subependymal plates, and clusters of neuroblasts in the basal ganglia; or circumventricular structures such as area postrema, subcomisural organ, and melanosis in the leptomeninges and vessel walls. Lesions with little or no clinical importance included age-related changes as lipofuscin, hemosiderin, mineralization and hyalinization of vessel walls within the brain and meninges. Corpora amylacea and corpora arenacea were detected respectively in astrocyte processes and the pineal body. Cytoplasmic neuronal vacuolization was observed in the red nucleus and habenular nucleus. Sarcocystis sp. without a correspondent inflammatory reaction was rarely observed. Included within findings with no clinical manifestation were axonal spheroids and perivascular mononuclear cuffings. Changes in the CNS due to killing, sampling and fixation methods can obscure or distract from the more critical lesions. The ones related to the process of killing included hemorrhages caused in cattle destroyed by a captive bolt. Artifacts related to sampling and handling of CNS tissue consisted of inclusion of bone sand in the neural tissue from sawing the calvarium; dark neurons produced by excessive handling of the brain, and micro-organisms that contaminated the tissues during sampling or histological processing. Postmortem autolytic or putrefactive changes observed included vacuolar changes in the myelin sheath, clear halos surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes, clusters of putrefaction bacilli within vessels or dispersed throughout the brain tissue associated or not to clear halos. One interesting, and somewhat frequent, postmortem autolytic change found in the bovine brain was the partial dissolution of the granule cell layer (GCL) of the cerebellum, also referred to as conglutination of the GCL or as the French denomination “état glace”. Due to the shortage of comprehensive publications in the subject, this review is intended to address the main pitfalls that can be observed in the brain of cattle hoping to help other pathologists avoiding misinterpret them.

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Spontaneous vascular mineralization in the brains of cows

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Atlarda Yaşla İlgili Beyinde Oluşan Histopatolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Değişiklikler

Pathology of the Aging Brain in Domestic and Laboratory Animals, and Animal Models of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

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