Spontaneous recovery from extinction in the infant rat

Revillo, D.A.; Paglini, María Gabriela; Arias, Carlos F.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.009

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This effect was only found when subjects were trained and tested in a salient context with an explicit olfactory component (Experiments 2 and 4a), which is consistent with prior research showing the relevance of olfactory contexts in regulating behavior and learning in preweanling rats (Brasser and Spear 2004;Revillo et al 2015). Consistent with the present results, we have previously reported reinstatement, renewal, and more rapid reacquisition in preweanling rats using a conditioned taste aversion paradigm (Revillo et al 2014a), and renewal and spontaneous recovery using fear conditioning procedures (Revillo et al 2013(Revillo et al , 2014b. Taken together, all of these findings suggest the possibility of recovering an extinguished CR during infancy by means of a variety of procedures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In a previous study, we have shown that a context change between conditioning and testing facilitated the detection of Pavlovian conditioning in same-age subjects (Revillo et al 2014b). In order to replicate this finding, after conditioning, half of the subjects were given an extinction session in the same context as the one used during conditioning, while the remaining subjects were given the extinction treatment in a different context (see Apparatus section).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In particular, in some of these studies the authors did not find recovery of the CR once it was extinguished (Kim and Richardson 2010), while others have reported renewal, more rapid reacquisition, and reinstatement in taste aversion learning (Revillo et al 2014a), and spontaneous recovery (Revillo et al 2014b) and renewal (Revillo et al 2013 in fear conditioning. Those authors that did not find recovery of the extinguished CR suggested that in infancy, extinction is a qualitatively different phenomenon to that observed in adulthood, and that during infancy it results in erasure of the CS -US association instead of the production of new learning (Kim and Richardson 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

et al. 2015

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Although it is currently accepted that the extinction effect reflects new context-dependent learning, this is not so clear during infancy, because some studies did not find recovery of the extinguished conditioned response (CR) in rodents during this ontogenetic stage. However, recent studies have shown the return of an extinguished CR in infant rats. The present study analyzes the possibility of recovering an extinguished CR with a reinstatement procedure in a fear conditioning paradigm, on PD17 (Experiments 1 -4) and on PD24 (Experiment 5), while exploring the role of the olfactory content of the context upon the reinstatement effect during the preweanling period. Preweanling rats expressed a previously extinguished CR after a single experience with an unsignaled US. Furthermore, this result was only found when subjects were trained and tested in contexts that included an explicit odor, but not in standard experimental cages. Finally, Experiment 5 demonstrated the reinstatement effect on PD24 in a standard context. These results support the notion that extinction during infancy has the same characteristics as those described for extinction that occurs in adulthood. Instead of postulating a different mechanism for extinction during infancy, we propose that it may be more accurate to view the problem in terms of the variables that may differentially modulate the extinction effect according to the stages of ontogeny.Extinction can be defined as a procedure consisting of repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) after conditioning (Pavlov 1927). As a result of this training, the conditioned response (CR) usually decays progressively. It is currently accepted that the extinction effect reflects new learning, because the extinguished CR can be recovered after a retention interval (spontaneous recovery), after the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus-the US, (reinstatement), or after a context changeknown as the renewal effect (Pavlov 1927;Bouton 2002;Quirk and Mueller 2008). All of these findings have been interpreted as evidence that the extinction effect is a context-dependent phenomenon (Bouton 2002(Bouton , 2004.Although extinction has been widely studied in adult organisms, only a few studies have focused on this effect during infancy, and these have yielded inconsistent results. In particular, in some of these studies the authors did not find recovery of the CR once it was extinguished (Kim and Richardson 2010), while others have reported renewal, more rapid reacquisition, and reinstatement in taste aversion learning (Revillo et al. 2014a), and spontaneous recovery (Revillo et al. 2014b) and renewal (Revillo et al. 2013 in fear conditioning. Those authors that did not find recovery of the extinguished CR suggested that in infancy, extinction is a qualitatively different phenomenon to that observed in adulthood, and that during infancy it results in erasure of the CS -US association instead of the production of new learning (Kim and Richardson 2010). However, more recent evidence of recovery a...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

et al. 2015

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“…This theory is supported by findings that elements of erasure are present in adult extinction studies [10,11]. Also, a recent study reported a significant spontaneous recovery of extinguished fear when test data are compared to the last block of extinction in P17 rodents [20]. Furthermore, a previous study demonstrated mGlu5 involvement in fear extinction in adult rats, although the authors suggested that mGlu5 may work in conjunction with NMDA [21].…”

Section: G Modelmentioning

confidence: 84%

Fear extinction in 17 day old rats is dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 signaling

Ganella

Thangaraju

Lawrence

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Similarly to what is observed in response to a predator odor or a shock, suppression of ongoing behavior and USV occurs in response to the learned CS in adults (Jelen et al 2003;Wöhr et al 2005;Maren 2008;Shionoya et al 2013) and allows refined assessment of fear learning in pups at young ages (Pisano et al 2012;Revillo et al 2014). In very young pups, with limited motoric ability, learned threat responses have been measured using increased behavioral activity (Sullivan and Wilson 1993;Hunt 1997;Moriceau and Sullivan 2004a;Boulanger Bertolus et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecologically relevant neurobehavioral assessment of the development of threat learning

2016

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As altricial infants gradually transition to adults, their proximate environment changes. In three short weeks, pups transition from a small world with the caregiver and siblings to a complex milieu rich in dangers as their environment expands. Such contrasting environments require different learning abilities and lead to distinct responses throughout development. Here, we will review some of the learned fear conditioned responses to threats in rats during their ontogeny, including behavioral and physiological measures that permit the assessment of learning and its supporting neurobiology from infancy through adulthood. In adulthood, odor-shock conditioning produces robust fear learning to the odor that depends upon the amygdala and related circuitry. Paradoxically, this conditioning in young pups fails to support fear learning and supports approach learning to the odor previously paired with shock. This approach learning is mediated by the infant attachment network that does not include the amygdala. During the age range when pups transition from the infant to the adult circuit (10 -15 d old), pups have access to both networks: odor -shock conditioning in maternal presence uses the attachment circuit but the adult amygdala-dependent circuit when alone. However, throughout development (as young as 5 d old) the attachment associated learning can be overridden and amygdala-dependent fear learning supported, if the mother expresses fear in the presence of the pup. This social modulation of the fear permits the expression of defense reactions in life threatening situations informed by the caregiver but prevents the learning of the caregiver itself as a threat.

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Spontaneous recovery from extinction in the infant rat

Cited by 15 publications

References 51 publications

Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

Reinstatement of an extinguished fear conditioned response in infant rats

Fear extinction in 17 day old rats is dependent on metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 signaling

Ecologically relevant neurobehavioral assessment of the development of threat learning

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