Spontaneous Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Tuna-Bone-Derived Hydroxyapatite Composites with Green Tea Polyphenol-Reduced Graphene Oxide

Abstract

In recent years, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made significant progress in promoting the direct and functional connection between bone and graft, including osseointegration and osteoconduction, to facilitate the healing of damaged bone tissues. Herein, we introduce a new, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective method for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hydroxyapatite (HAp). The method uses epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) as a reducing agent to synthesize rGO (E-rGO), and HAp powder is obtained from Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The physicochemical analysis indicated that the E-rGO/HAp composites had exceptional properties for use as BTE scaffolds, as well as high purity. Moreover, we discovered that E-rGO/HAp composites facilitated not only the proliferation, but also early and late osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Our work suggests that E-rGO/HAp composites may play a significant role in promoting the spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, and we envision that E-rGO/HAp composites could serve as promising candidates for BTE scaffolds, stem-cell differentiation stimulators, and implantable device components because of their biocompatible and bioactive properties. Overall, we suggest a new approach for developing cost-effective and environmentally friendly E-rGO/HAp composite materials for BTE application.

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Graphene Oxide Nanostructures as Nanoplatforms for Delivering Natural Therapeutic Agents: Applications in Cancer Treatment, Bacterial Infections, and Bone Regeneration Medicine

“…Recent developments in bone tissue engineering have been impressive, with an emphasis on creating solid connections between grafts and bone components. Osteoconduction and osseointegration are both aspects of connection that are essential for facilitating the repair and regeneration of damaged bone tissues [182]. Therefore, the improvement in bone tissue regeneration depends on the delivery of signaling molecules and the sustained release of bone growth factors.…”

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“…Among various applications, the medical domain stands out, integrating marine-derived materials into modern medical advancements. These materials offer distinct benefits such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological activity, driving their utilization in scaffold materials, wound dressings, and drug carriers for tissue engineering [13][14][15]. This emphasis on marine biomaterials has become a central theme in material research and development [16].…”