“…Although there is no definite conclusion regarding the etiology of SIHE, it can be classified into the following categories ( 3 , 12 , 13 ): (I) esophageal injury; (II) a rapid rise of intraesophageal pressure; (III) iatrogenic injury, involving improper gastroscopy, retention of the gastric tube and small intestinal nutrition tube, etc; (IV) abnormal coagulation function; (V) related diseases, such as aortoesophageal fistula, esophageal cancer, esophageal hiatal hernia, etc. ; (VI) special treatment, such as myocardial infarction thrombolysis, atrial fibrillation ablation, hemodialysis, etc; (VII) idiopathic disease without identifiable cause; and (VIII) spontaneous emergence (i.e., occurring naturally).…”